public int[] solution(String[] keyInput, int[] board) {
        return Arrays.stream(keyInput).map(s -> getMap().get(s)).reduce((ints1, ints2) -> new int[] {
                Math.abs(ints1[0] + ints2[0]) > board[0] / 2 ? board[0] / 2 * (ints1[0] < 0 ? -1 : 1) : ints1[0] + ints2[0],
                Math.abs(ints1[1] + ints2[1]) > board[1] / 2 ? board[1] / 2 * (ints1[1] < 0 ? -1 : 1) : ints1[1] + ints2[1]
        }).orElse(new int[]{0, 0});
    }

    private Map<String, int[]> getMap() {
        Map<String, int[]> map = new HashMap<>();

        map.put("up", new int[] {0, 1});
        map.put("down", new int[] {0, - 1});
        map.put("left", new int[] {-1, 0});
        map.put("right", new int[] {1, 0});
        return map;
    }
    public int solution(String[] spell, String[] dic) {
        return Arrays.stream(dic).
        map(s -> 
        s.chars().sorted().mapToObj(i -> String.valueOf((char) i)).collect(Collectors.joining())
        ).
        collect(Collectors.toList()).
        contains(
        Arrays.stream(spell).sorted().collect(Collectors.joining())
        ) ? 1 : 2;
    }
    public int solution(int i, int j, int k) {
        int count = 0;
        for (int t = i; t <= j; t++) {
            for (int p : Arrays.stream(String.valueOf(t).split("")).mapToInt(Integer::parseInt).toArray()) {
                if (p == k) {
                    count++;
                }
            }
        }
        return count;
    }
    public int solution(String my_string) {
        Matcher matcher = Pattern.compile("[-|+]\\s([0-9])+(,[0-9]+)?").matcher(my_string);
        Matcher firstNum = Pattern.compile("^[0-9]+(,[0-9]+)?").matcher(my_string);
        firstNum.find();
        int result = Integer.parseInt(firstNum.group().replace(",", "j"));
        while (matcher.find()) {
            String matchStr = matcher.group().replace(",", "");
            if (matchStr.contains("-")) {
                result -= Integer.parseInt(matchStr.replace("- ", ""));
            } else {
                result += Integer.parseInt(matchStr.replace("+ ", ""));
            }
        }
        return result;
    }
    public int solution(String myString) {
        return Arrays.stream(myString.replaceAll("- ", "-").replaceAll("[+] ", "").trim().split(" ")).mapToInt(Integer::parseInt).sum();
    }
    public String[] solution(String myStr, int n) {
        return IntStream.range(0, myStr.length() / n + (myStr.length() % n > 0 ? 1 : 0))
                .mapToObj(i -> i == myStr.length() / n ? myStr.substring(i * n) : myStr.substring(i * n, (i + 1) * n))
                .toArray(String[]::new);
    }

 

    public int solution(String myString) {
        return Arrays.stream(myString.split("[A-Z|a-z]")).filter(s -> !s.isEmpty()).mapToInt(Integer::parseInt).sum();
    }
    public String solution(String s) {
        return Arrays.stream(s.split(""))
                .collect(Collectors.groupingBy(s1 -> s1))
                .entrySet()
                .stream()
                .filter(entry -> entry.getValue().size() <= 1)
                .map(Map.Entry::getKey)
                .sorted()
                .collect(Collectors.joining());
    }
    public int solution(int i, int j, int k) {
        String str = "";
        for(int a = i; a <= j; a++) {
            str += a+"";
        }

        return str.length() - str.replace(k+"", "").length();
    }
    public int solution(int i, int j, int k) {
        return (int) Arrays.stream(IntStream.rangeClosed(i, j)
                        .mapToObj(String::valueOf)
                        .flatMap(String::lines)
                        .collect(Collectors.joining())
                        .split(""))
                .filter(s -> s.equals(String.valueOf(k)))
                .count();
    }
    public int solution(int num, int k) {
        return ("-" + num).indexOf(String.valueOf(k));
    }
    public String solution(String myString, int num1, int num2) {
        List<String> list = Arrays.stream(myString.split("")).collect(Collectors.toList());

        Collections.swap(list, num1, num2);
        return String.join("", list);
    }
    public int solution(int[] numbers) {
        int len = numbers.length;
        Arrays.sort(numbers);
        return Math.max(numbers[0] * numbers[1], numbers[len - 2] * numbers[len - 1]);
    }
class Solution {
    public String solution(String myString) {
        return myString.chars().mapToObj(operand -> String.valueOf((char) (Character.isLowerCase(operand) ? Character.toUpperCase(operand) : Character.toLowerCase(operand)))).collect(Collectors.joining());
    }
}
import java.util.stream.Collectors;
import java.util.stream.IntStream;

class Solution {
    public String solution(String cipher, int code) {
        return IntStream.range(0, cipher.length())
                .filter(value -> value % code == code - 1)
                .mapToObj(c -> String.valueOf(cipher.charAt(c)))
                .collect(Collectors.joining());
    }
}
    public int solution(int[] array, int n) {
        return Math.min(array[Arrays.stream(array).map(operand -> Math.abs(n - operand)).boxed().collect(Collectors.toList()).indexOf(Arrays.stream(array).map(operand -> Math.abs(n - operand)).min().orElse(0))], array[Arrays.stream(array).map(operand -> Math.abs(n - operand)).boxed().collect(Collectors.toList()).lastIndexOf(Arrays.stream(array).map(operand -> Math.abs(n - operand)).min().orElse(0))]);
    }
    public int solution(String[] babbling) {
        String regex = "(aya|ye|woo|ma)";
        int result = 0;
        for (String str :
                babbling) {
            if (str.replaceAll(regex, "").length() == 0) {
                result++;
            }
        }
        return result;
    }
    public int solution(String my_string) {
        int result = 0;
        Matcher matcher = Pattern.compile("[0-9]").matcher(my_string);
        while (matcher.find()) {
            result += Integer.valueOf(matcher.group());
        }
        return result;
    }
    public int solution(int n) {
        int answer = 0;
        return Math.sqrt(n) % 1 == 0 ? 1 : 2;
    }
    public String solution(String my_string) {
        String answer = "";

        answer = my_string.replaceAll("[aeiou]", "");

        return answer;
    public int solution(int n, int t) {
        int answer = 1;

        answer = n * (int)Math.pow(2, t);

        return answer;
    }
    public int solution(int n, int t) {
        int answer = 0;

        answer = n << t;

        return answer;
    }
    public int solution(int n) {
        return Arrays.stream(String.valueOf(n).split("")).mapToInt(Integer::parseInt).sum();
    }
class Solution {
    public int solution(String[] s1, String[] s2) {
        Set<String> set = new HashSet<>(Arrays.asList(s1));
        return (int)Arrays.stream(s2).filter(set::contains).count();
    }
    public int[] solution(int[] numbers, String direction) {
        List<Integer> list = Arrays.stream(numbers).boxed().collect(Collectors.toList());

        if (direction.equals("right")) {
            list.add(0, list.get(list.size() - 1));
            list.remove(list.size() - 1);
        } else {
            list.add(list.size(), list.get(0));
            list.remove(0);
        }
        return list.stream().mapToInt(Integer::intValue).toArray();
    }
    public int[][] solution(int[] num_list, int n) {
        return IntStream.range(0, num_list.length / n)
                .mapToObj(i -> IntStream.range(0, n)
                        .map(j -> num_list[i * n + j])
                        .toArray())
                .toArray(int[][]::new);
    }
    public int[][] solution(int[] num_list, int n) {
        int[][] answer = {};

        int length = num_list.length;

        answer = new int[length/n][n];

        for(int i=0; i<length; i++){
            answer[i/n][i%n]=num_list[i];
        }

        return answer;
    }
    Map<String, String> dictionary = new HashMap<>() {{
        put(".-", "a");
        put("-...", "b");
        put("-.-.", "c");
        put("-..", "d");
        put(".", "e");
        put("..-.", "f");
        put("--.", "g");
        put("....", "h");
        put("..", "i");
        put(".---", "j");
        put("-.-", "k");
        put(".-..", "l");
        put("--", "m");
        put("-.", "n");
        put("---", "o");
        put(".--.", "p");
        put("--.-", "q");
        put(".-.", "r");
        put("...", "s");
        put("-", "t");
        put("..-", "u");
        put("...-", "v");
        put(".--", "w");
        put("-..-", "x");
        put("-.--", "y");
        put("--..", "z");
    }};

    public String solution(String letter) {
        return Arrays.stream(letter.split(" "))
            .map(dictionary::get)
            .collect(Collectors.joining());
    }

 

 

    public int[] solution(int[] emergency) {
        int[] answer = new int[emergency.length];

        for(int i = 0; i < answer.length; i++){
            if(answer[i] != 0){
                continue;
            }
            int idx = 1;
            for(int j = 0; j < answer.length; j++){
                if(emergency[i] < emergency[j]){
                    idx++;
                }
            }
            answer[i] = idx;
        }
        return answer;
    }
    public int[] solution(int[] e) {
        return Arrays.stream(e).map(i -> Arrays.stream(e).boxed().sorted(Comparator.reverseOrder()).collect(Collectors.toList()).indexOf(i) + 1).toArray();
    }

 

    public String solution(int age) {
        return String.valueOf(age).chars().mapToObj(operand -> String.valueOf((char) (49 + operand))).collect(Collectors.joining());
    }

 

    public long solution(String numbers) {

            String[] numbers_arr = {"zero", "one", "two", "three", "four", "five", "six", "seven", "eight", "nine"};

            for (int i = 0; i < numbers_arr.length; i++) {
                numbers = numbers.replaceAll(numbers_arr[i], String.valueOf(i));
            }

            long answer = Long.parseLong(numbers);
            return answer;
        }
    public long solution(String numbers) {
        return Long.parseLong(
                numbers.replaceAll("zero", "0")
                        .replaceAll("one", "1")
                        .replaceAll("two", "2")
                        .replaceAll("three", "3")
                        .replaceAll("four", "4")
                        .replaceAll("five", "5")
                        .replaceAll("six", "6")
                        .replaceAll("seven", "7")
                        .replaceAll("eight", "8")
                        .replaceAll("nine", "9")
        );
    }

 

 

  1. 짝수 홀수 개수
 
    public int[] solution(int[] num_list) {
        return Arrays.stream(num_list)
                .boxed()
                .collect(Collectors.partitioningBy(number -> number % 2 == 1, Collectors.counting()))
                .values().stream()
                .mapToInt(Long::intValue)
                .toArray();
    }
    public int[] solution(int[] numList) {
        return IntStream.of((int) Arrays.stream(numList).filter(i -> i % 2 == 0).count(), (int) Arrays.stream(numList).filter(i -> i % 2 == 1).count()).toArray();
    }
    public int[] solution(int[] num_list) {
        int[] answer = new int[2];

        for(int i = 0; i < num_list.length; i++)
            answer[num_list[i] % 2]++;

        return answer;
    }
 
        StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer(str);
        String reverse = sb.reverse().toString();

 

 

  1. 문자 반복 출력하기
    public String solution(String my_string, int n) {
        String answer = "";
        String[] str = my_string.split("");
        for(int i=0; i<my_string.length(); i++){
            answer += str[i].repeat(n);
        }
        return answer;
    }
    public String solution(String my_string, int n) {
        StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
        for(char c : my_string.toCharArray()){
            sb.append((c + "").repeat(n));
        }
        return sb.toString();
    }

 

 

  Original data

**Religion** is a range of [social](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_system "Social system")-[cultural systems](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_system "Cultural system"), including designated [behaviors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_behaviour "Religious behaviour") and practices, [morals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morality "Morality"), [beliefs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belief "Belief"), [worldviews](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worldview "Worldview"), [texts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_text "Religious text"), [sanctified places](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacred_site "Sacred site"), [prophecies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prophecy "Prophecy"), [ethics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethics_in_religion "Ethics in religion"), or [organizations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_organization "Religious organization"), that generally relate humanity to [supernatural](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supernatural "Supernatural"), [transcendental](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcendence_(religion) "Transcendence (religion)"), and [spiritual](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirituality "Spirituality") elements—although there is no scholarly consensus over what precisely constitutes a religion. Different religions may or may not contain various elements ranging from the [divine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divinity "Divinity"), [sacredness](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacredness "Sacredness"), [faith](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faith "Faith"), and a supernatural being or beings.

 

Pattern : [text](text "text")

Regex: \[.+?\]\(.+?\".+?\"\)

How to extract the following content from the original data using regular expressions

[cultural systems](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_system "Cultural system")
[behaviors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_behaviour "Religious behaviour")
[morals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morality "Morality")
[beliefs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belief "Belief")
[worldviews](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worldview "Worldview")
[texts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_text "Religious text")
[sanctified places](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacred_site "Sacred site")
[prophecies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prophecy "Prophecy")
[ethics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethics_in_religion "Ethics in religion")
[organizations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_organization "Religious organization")
[supernatural](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supernatural "Supernatural")
[transcendental](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcendence_(religion) "Transcendence (religion)")
[spiritual](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirituality "Spirituality")
[divine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divinity "Divinity")
[sacredness](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacredness "Sacredness")
[faith](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faith "Faith")

 

 

 

Pattern: [text](text "text")

Text that I want to find from the original content: 

Regex: grep -oP '(?<=\[)[^][]+(?=])' file

social
cultural systems
behaviors
morals
beliefs
worldviews
texts
sanctified places
prophecies
ethics
organizations
supernatural
transcendental
spiritual
divine
sacredness
faith

 

※stackoverflow: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/77810746/git-bash-regular-expression?noredirect=1#comment137175087_77810746

※Chat GPT

In a regular expression, [^][]+ is a character class that matches one or more characters that are not square brackets ([ and ]). Let's break down the components:

  • [^]: This is a character class that matches any character except those listed within the brackets. The caret (^) at the beginning negates the character class, so it matches any character not specified. In this case, the character class [^] effectively means "any character except an empty set of characters," which is equivalent to "any character."
  • []+: This part of the regular expression matches one or more characters that are listed within the square brackets. In this case, since the character class is [^], it means one or more characters that are not square brackets.

So, [^][]+ collectively means "match one or more characters that are not square brackets." This is often used when you want to capture or match text that is enclosed within certain delimiters, such as square brackets, and you want to exclude the delimiters themselves.

For example, in the regular expression (?<=\[)[^][]+(?=\]), the [^][]+ part is used to capture one or more characters between square brackets, excluding the brackets themselves.

20240103
ぶりっこ 귀여운 척
あざとかわいい
**装う** よそう
あざとい
完売 かんばい
どんどん 점점
セールが始まったので、商品が次々に売り切れになっています。
在庫 ざいこ
入荷 にゅうか
転売 てんばい
ショッピング症候群 しょうこうぐん
通販 つうはん
福袋 ふくぶくろ
一〇九
気付かない
土地 とち
四角 しかく
クジラ
ぶつからない 부딪치지 않다
*給仕う
優先 ゆうせん
怖がる こわ
恐れる おそ
むかつく
説明する気なくす

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https://tailwindcss.com/

https://nerdcave.com/tailwind-cheat-sheet

<script src="https://cdn.tailwindcss.com"></script>

[폰트]

https://noonnu.cc/

https://fontawesome.com/

https://tailwindcomponents.com/components/buttons


mysql
https://www.phpschool.com/ 

 

WWW.PHPSCHOOL.COM

개발자 커뮤니티 1위 PHPSCHOOL.COM 입니다.

www.phpschool.com

https://www.phpschool.com/gnuboard4/bbs/board.php?bo_table=qna_db&wr_id=186770&sca=&sfl=wr_subject%7C%7Cwr_content&stx=db&sop=and 

 

WWW.PHPSCHOOL.COM

개발자 커뮤니티 1위 PHPSCHOOL.COM 입니다.

www.phpschool.com

https://tosuccess.tistory.com/123ww

 

 

 

[ tistory 단축키 ]

w : 작성

q : 관리자 페이지

a : 이전 글

s : 다음 글

https://goddaehee.tistory.com/134

 

[ 바탕화면 ] 

Shift + 검색 : 바탕화면에서 검색

 

Win + R - cmd

 

설정하기

Alt S - W - P - Colors and Fonts

--- Window - Preferences - Genearl - Appearance

-- Colors and Fonts

- part title font

- Tree and Table font for views

 

단축키

[ restore ]

- Window + R, cmd

- Alt +F11 : Toggle Full Screen

- Alt + Shift + Up / Down : 범위 확대/축소

- Ctrl + Shift + Up / Down : 동등 라인 이동

 

- Ctrl + Shift +Alt + L : Quick Search

- Ctrl + H : 찾기

- Ctrl + Shift + R : Search method

- Ctrl + Alt + G : Find Text in Workplace

- Alt + Shift + Q, S : Show View (Search)

- F3 : open Declaration

 

 

- Alt +Shift + Q, O : Show in (Outline)

 

 

Server

- Ctrl + Alt + R

 

 

[ Personal ]

Ctrl + Number_7 : Add Bookmark

Ctrl + Alt + Number_7

Alt + F11 : Toggle Full Screem

Ctrl + M

 

 

 

Ctrl + Shift + F6 키를 누르면 위로 커서가 움직인다.

Ctrl + F7 : 뷰간 전환

Ctrl + F6 : 편집기 이동

 

Ctrl + F8 : 퍼스펙티브간 전환



▶ [Ctrl] + [Shift] + [L] : 단축키 리스트

▶ [Ctrl] + [3] : Quick Access

 

▶ [Ctrl] + [1] : 에러난 곳(빨간 줄 표시)에서 누르면 레이어로 해결방법이 나옴.

▶ [F3] : 해당 메서드나 클래스가 정의된 곳으로 이동

▶ [Ctrl] + [Shift] + [G] : 해당 메서드, 객체, 변수가 사용(호출)된 모든 곳을 찾는다.

 

 

Ctrl + O : 메소드나 필드 이동하기

Ctrl + 1 : Quick Fix.

 

ALT + SHIFT + A : 블록 선택 모드

Alt + Shift + R : rename

 

Java Template

 

syst1 : System.out.println("${field} : " + ${field}); 

 

syst6 : System.out.println("${field} : " + ${field} +", ${index} : " + ${index}+", ${localVar} : " + ${localVar} + ", ${iterable} : " + ${iterable}+ ", ${iterable_element} : " + ${iterable_element}+ ", ${iterable_type} : " + ${iterable_type}  );
${cursor}

 

test1

System.out.println("test1");
${cursor}

 

 

https://sidebar.scrapbook.naver.com/feeds

//

https://github.com/AkimJemi/AllInOne_Akim

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

//

my_blog

https://github.com/AkimJemi/my_blog.git

 

 

dd

ss

 

 

 

 

JSP

<%@page import="java.util.ArrayList"%>
<%@page import="java.util.Iterator"%>
<%@page import="java.util.Enumeration"%>
<%@page import="java.util.Map"%>

//  첫번째  < Enumeration / ArrayList>
Enumeration a = (Enumeration) request.getParameterNames();
Enumeration<String> cd = a;
ArrayList cb3 = new ArrayList();
while (cd.hasMoreElements()) {
	System.out.println(cd.nextElement());
}

// 두번째  < Enumeration<String> >
Enumeration<String> cd2 = a;
while (cd2.hasMoreElements()) {
	cb3.add(cd2.nextElement());
}
for (int i = 0; i > cb3.size(); i++) {
	System.out.println(cb3.get(i));
}

String c = (String) request.getParameter("test3");
String d = (String) request.getParameter("test4");

 
 // 세번째  < String[] >
 String[] b = (String[]) request.getParameterValues("test1");
 System.out.println(b.length);
 for (int i = 0; i < b.length; i++) {
 	System.out.println(b[i]);
 }

 // 네번째  < Map >
 Map<String, String[]> map = (Map<String, String[]>) request.getParameterMap();
 System.out.println(map.size());
 System.out.println(map.entrySet());
 for (String key : map.keySet()) {
 	String[] value = map.get(key);
 	System.out.println("key : " + key + ", value : " + value[0]);
 }

 

 

 

 

<script type="text/javascript">
	function check_form() {
		var table_name = myform.table_name.value;
		if (table_name == '') {
			alert('테이블 명은 반드시 입력해야 합니다');
			myform.table_name.focus();
			return false;
		}
	}
</script>
</head>
<body>
	<h2>테이블 정보 출력</h2>
	<%
	if (request.getMethod().equalsIgnoreCase("get")) {
	%>
	<center>
		<form name="myform" method="post" onSubmit="return check_form()">
			<table width='300' border="0">
				<tr>
					<th width="100">테이블명</th>
					<td><input type="text" name="table_name" size='15' /></td>
				</tr>
				<tr>
					<th width="100">조건절</th>
					<td><input type="text" name="table_where" size='15' /></td>
				</tr>
				<tr>
					<td colspan='2' align='right'><input type="submit"
						value="테이블 정보 획득" /></td>
				</tr>
			</table>
		</form>
	</center>
	<%
	} else if (request.getMethod().equalsIgnoreCase("post")) {
	String table_name = request.getParameter("table_name");
	String table_where = request.getParameter("table_where");
	if (table_where == null)
		table_where = "";
	%>
	<center>
		<form name="myform" method="post" onSubmit="return check_form()">
			<table width='300' border="0">
				<tr>
					<th width="100">테이블명</th>
					<td><input type="text" name="table_name" size='15'
						value="<%=table_name%>" /></td>
				</tr>
				<tr>
					<th width="100">조건절</th>
					<td><input type="text" name="table_where" size='15' /></td>
				</tr>
				<tr>
					<td colspan='2' align='right'><input type="submit"
						value="테이블 정보 획득" value="<%=table_where%>" /></td>
				</tr>
			</table>
		</form>
	</center>
	<%
	String driver = config.getInitParameter("driver");
	String url = config.getInitParameter("url");
	String user_id = config.getInitParameter("user_id");
	String user_pw = config.getInitParameter("user_pw");
	Connection conn = null;
	try {
		Class.forName(driver);
		conn = DriverManager.getConnection(url, user_id, user_pw);
		String query = "select * from " + table_name;
		if (table_where != null && table_where.trim().length() != 0)
			query += " " + table_where;
		Statement stmt = conn.createStatement();
		ResultSet rs = stmt.executeQuery(query);
		ResultSetMetaData rsmd = rs.getMetaData();
	%>
	<table width='600' border='1'>
		<tr>
			<%
			for (int i = 1; i <= rsmd.getColumnCount(); ++i) {
				out.println("<td>" + rsmd.getCatalogName(i) + "</td>");
			}
			%>
		</tr>
		<%
		while (rs.next()) {
			out.println("<tr>");
			for (int i = 1; i <= rsmd.getColumnCount(); ++i) {
				if (rsmd.getColumnClassName(i).equalsIgnoreCase("Data"))
			out.println("<td>" + rs.getDate(i) + "</td>");
				else
			out.println("<td>" + rs.getString(i) + "</td>");
			}
		}
		%>
	</table>
	<%
	} catch (Exception ex) {
	out.println("Error : " + ex.getMessage() + "<br/><br/>");

	} finally {
	if (conn != null)
		conn.close();
	conn = null;
	}
	}
	%>
</body>

Web.xml

<servlet>
		<servlet-name>My_01</servlet-name>
		<jsp-file>/Round21_03_Page.jsp</jsp-file>
		<init-param>
		<param-name>driver</param-name>
		<param-value>org.gjt.mm.mysql.Driver</param-value>
		</init-param>
		<init-param>
		<param-name>url</param-name>
		<param-value>jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/world</param-value>
		</init-param>
		<init-param>
		<param-name>user_id</param-name>
		<param-value>root</param-value>
		</init-param>
		<init-param>
		<param-name>user_pw</param-name>
		<param-value>1234</param-value>
		</init-param>
	</servlet>
	<servlet-mapping>
		<servlet-name>My_01</servlet-name>
		<url-pattern>/My_Page_01</url-pattern>
	</servlet-mapping>

Project

1-- Java Resources

2---- src

1-- bulid

1-- WebContent

2---- META-INF

2---- WEB-INF

3------ lib

2---- web.xml

 

[ web.xml ]

[ Handler ] 

[  ]

[  ]

[  ]

web.xml - Handler -

SingleTon Class

- ConnectionProvider

- ControllerUsingURI 

Board 만둘기 과정

Connection 관련 코드 (583

[1] DBCPInitListener.class

[] web.xml / add <listener>, <context-param>

[] ConnectionProvider.class  / dbconnTest.jsp 만들어 테스트

[] web.xml / add < filter >, < filter-mapping encodingFilter

[] util.CharacterEncodingFilter.class

MVC 컨트롤러 코드 (589

[] mvc.command.CommandHandker

[] mvc.command.NullHandler

[] mvc.controller.ControllerUsingURI

[] web.xml / add < servlet >, < servlet-mapping ControllerUsingURI

[] commandHandlerURI.properties

기능 구현 (590

[] sql 작성

[] Member.class

[] MeberDao.class

[] JoinRequest

[] Join

[] 

[] 

[] 

[] 

[] 

[] 

[] 

 

[] web.xml / add <  >, <  

 

 

Handler - Service - Dao - DB

Handler  - .jsp

Service  - Request

Dao  - VO

 

web.xml

<filter>		
		<filter-name>LoginCheckFilter</filter-name>
		<filter-class>filter.LoginCheckFilter</filter-class>
		<init-param>
			<param-name>filterInitParam</param-name>
			<param-value>김재민</param-value>
		</init-param>
	</filter>
	<filter-mapping>
		<filter-name>LoginCheckFilter</filter-name>
		<url-pattern>/changePwd.do</url-pattern>
		<url-pattern>/article/write.do</url-pattern>
		<url-pattern>/article/modify.do</url-pattern>
	</filter-mapping>

	<filter>
		<filter-name>encodingFilter</filter-name>
		<filter-class>util.CharacterEncodingFilter</filter-class>
		<init-param>
			<param-name>encoding</param-name>
			<param-value>utf-8</param-value>
		</init-param>
	</filter>
	<filter-mapping>
		<filter-name>encodingFilter</filter-name>
		<url-pattern>/*</url-pattern>
	</filter-mapping>

	<listener>
		<listener-class>jdbc.DBCPInitListener</listener-class>
	</listener>
    
	<context-param>
		<param-name>poolConfig</param-name>
		<param-value>
        jdbcdriver=com.mysql.jdbc.Driver
		jdbcUrl=jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/board?characterEncoding=utf8
		dbUser=root
		dbPass=1234
		validationQuery=select 1
		minIdle=3
		maxTotal=30
		poolName=cosmoBoard
		</param-value><!-- poolName : ConnectionProvider에서 매치 -->
	</context-param>

    
	<servlet>
		<servlet-name>ControllerUsingURI</servlet-name>
		<servlet-class>mvc.controller.ControllerUsingURI</servlet-class>
		<init-param>
			<param-name>configFile</param-name>
			<param-value>/WEB-INF/commandHandlerURI.properties</param-value>
		</init-param>
		<load-on-startup>1</load-on-startup>
	</servlet>
	<servlet-mapping>
		<servlet-name>ControllerUsingURI</servlet-name>
		<url-pattern>*.do</url-pattern>
	</servlet-mapping>

 

 

 

 

 

 

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

 

\ 개발언어 : 자바

\ 웹/어플레케이션 서버 : HTTPD. 톰캣, 웹로직 등

\ 서버웹 기술 : JSP와 서블릿

\ 서버웹 기술을 위한 프레임워크 : 스프링 MVC

\ 클라이언트 웹 기술 : HTML, 자바 스크립트

\ 클라이언트 웹 기술을 위한 프레임워크나 라이브러리 : jQuery, 앵귤러 JS

\ 데이터베이스 연동 : JDBC, MS SQL, 오라클

\ DBMS : MySQL, MS SQL, 오라클

\ 통신 프로토콜 : HTTP

\ OS : 센트OS, 원도우 서버 2012 

 

 

 

- JSP를 이용한 웹 사이트 개발

- 서버 코드의 전형적인 구조(서비스-DAO, DTO 구성)

- 서블릿에 대한 기초

- MVC 구조에 대한 기초

- JSP와 DB를 연동한 게시판 개발

 

클래스 : 객체를 정의하는 틀 또는 설계도와 같은 의미

- 클래스는 객체의 상태를 나타내는 필드(field)와 객체의 행동을 나타내는 메소드(method)로 구성

필드 : 클래스에 포함된 변수(variable)를 의미

메서드 : 어떠한 특정 작업을 수행하기 위한 명령문의 집합

클래스의 인스턴스 화 :

자바에서 클래스를 사용하기 위해서는 우선 해당 클래스 타입의 객체(object)를 선언해야 합니다.

이렇게 클래스로부터 객체를 선언하는 과정

인스턴스란 메모리에 할당된 객체를 의미

API : 애플리케이션 소프트웨어를 빌드하고 통합하기 위한 정의 및 프로토콜 세트인 애플리케이션 프로그래밍 인터페이스(Application Programming Interface)

프로그램들이 서로 상호작용하는 것을 도와주는 매개체

API의 역할은? 

1. API는 서버와 데이터베이스에 대한 출입구 역할을 한다.

2. API는 애플리케이션과 기기가 원활하게 통신할 수 있도록 한다.

3. API는 모든 접속을 표준화한다.

 

 

new 키워드 : 객체를 생성하는 방법 중, 생성자 함수(Constructor) 를 사용하여 객체를 만들 때 함께 쓰는 키워드

📌 생성자 함수란?

생성자 함수를 통해 새로 만든 객체에 속할 변수들을 초기화 하는 역할

 

자바의 패키지 : 클래스와 인터페이스의 집합

자바 컬렉션 API

java.util.List 인터페이스 : java의 java.util 패키지에 속하는 인터페이스 객체를 담고 있는 순서가 있는 컬렉션

- 컬렉션 요소의 순서가 지정되어 있기 때문에 요소가 삽입되는 위치를 정확하게 제어할 수 있으며, 인덱스 번호로 요소 접근 및 검색이 가능

- Set(집합) 인터페이스와 달리 요소의 중복을 허용하고, null 값의 요소 추가도 가능하지만 일반적으로 추가하는 경우 예외를 발생

List 인터페이스 하위 클래스

  • ArrayList
  • LinkedList
  • AbstractList
  • AbstractSequentialList

Set 인터페이스 하위 클래스

  • HashSet

Map 인터페이스 하위 클래스

  • HashMap
  • Properties [ Map 계열이지만 String 배열으로 저장된다. ]

java.util.ArrayList 클래스 : ArrayList 클래스  Collection 프레임워크의 List인터페이스의 제너릭 클래스를 배열 형태로 관리할 수 있도록 하는 클래스로 순차적으로 자료를 저장하여 관리하는 프로그램을 구현할 때 사용되는 클래스



클래스 패치 : 클래스패스란 말 그대로 클래스를 찾기위한 경로이다.  즉, JVM이 프로그램을 실행할 때, 클래스파일을 찾는 데 기준이 되는 파일 경로를 말하는 것

 

 

특정 코드를 작성할 필요 없이 데이터를 선언적으로 처리하고 멀티코어 아키텍처를 활용할 수 있도록 하는

인터페이스 : 다른 클래스를 작성할 때 기본이 되는 틀을 제공하면서, 다른 클래스 사이의 중간 매개 역할까지 담당하는 일종의 추상 클래스를 의미

추상 클래스 : 추상 메소드 + 생성자, 필드, 일반 메소드도 포함

인터페이스(interface) : 오로지 추상 메소드와 상수만을 포함

 

// 

1. 다형성 (Polymorphism)

하나의 객체가 여러 가지 타입을 가질 수 있는 것을 의미합니다.

자바에서는 이러한 다형성을 부모 클래스 타입의 참조 변수로 자식 클래스 타입의 인스턴스를 참조할 수 있도록 하여 구현하고 있습니다.

 

  • Java에서는 한 타입의 참조변수로 여러 타입의 객체를 참조할 수 있도록 하는 것.
  • 부모클래스 타입의 참조변수로 자식클래스의 인스턴스를 참조할 수 있도록 하는 것.
  • 참조변수의 타입이 참조변수가 참조하고 있는 인스턴스에서 사용할 수 있는 멤버의 개수를 결정한다.
  • 모든 참조변수는 null 또는 4 byte의 주소값이 저장된다.

 

 

///

[ JVM ] 

Java Virtual Machine의 줄임말.

직역하면 '자바를 실행하기 위한 가상 기계(컴퓨터)'

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1. 출력 버퍼

  -> 임시 저장소

       JSP 페이지는 생성된 결과를 곧바로 웹 브라우저에 전송하지 않고, 출력 버퍼라고 불리는 곳에 임시로 출력 결과를 저장했다가 한번에 웹 브라우저에 전송한다.

 

2. 출력 버퍼 사용 시 장점!!

  ① 데이터 전송 성능이 향상된다.

   곧바로 웹 브라우저로 전송되지 않기 때문에, JSP 실행 도중에 버퍼를 비우고 새로운 내용을 보여줄 수 있다.

  ③ 버퍼가 다 차기 전까지는 헤더를 변경할 수 있다.

 

3. page 디렉티브에서 버퍼 설정하기 - buffer 속성과 autoFlush 속성

  ① 설정방법 - kb 단위로 버퍼의 크기 지정 

    <%@ page buffer = "4kb" %>

 

  ② 버퍼의 기본 크기 

     일반적으로 buffer의 크기는 지정하지 않는다. defalut 크기는 8kb이다 왜냐하면 웹 어플리케이션이 만들어 내는 출력 결과가 대부분 8kb 이내이고, 버퍼의 크기가 8kb일 때가 평균적으로 가장 높은 성능을 보이기 때문이다.

 

  ③ 버퍼를 사용하고 싶지 않을 때

  <%@ page buffer = "none" %>

      단점 : 곧바로 전송되기 때문에 출력한 내용을 취소할 수 없다.

               <jsp:foward> 기능 사용 못함.

               (하나의 jsp 페이지에서 다른 jsp 페이지로 요청 처리를 전달할 때 사용)

 

  ④ flush

   page 디렉티브는 autoFlush 속성을 제공하고 있는데, 이 속성을 사용하면 버퍼가 다 찼을 때 어떻게 처리할지를 결정할 수 있다. autoFlush 속성은 "true " or "false"를 값으로 갖는다.

     true - 버퍼가 다 찼을 경우 버퍼를 플러시하고 계속해서 작업을 진행한다.

     flase - 버퍼가 다 찻을 경우 예외를 발생시키고 작업을 중지한다.

 

 

 

 

쿠키(cookie) : 웹 브라우저가 보관하는 데이터

웹 브라우저는 웹 서버에 요청을 보낼 때 쿠키와 함께 전송한다. 

구성 : 이름, 값, 유효시간, 도메인, 경로

 

생성 :

Cookie cookie = new Cookie("cookieName", "cookieValue");

response.addCookie(cookie);

 

208

218

 

 

522

1. HTTP 요청받음

2. 클라이언트가 요구하는 기능을 분석

3. 요청한 비지니스로직을 처리하는 모델 사용

4. 결과를

5. 

- JSP

 

Command 객체

CommandHandler

 

 

FileReader ->FileInputStream

 

 

Iterator
컬렉션 프레임웍에서는 컬렉션에 저장된 요소들을 읽어오는 방법을 표준화한다.

 

Map - 순서 없다/ 중복 배제

Properties<keySet, value><String, String>

forName 인스턴스화의 한 과정 *new 연산자 

Class.forName

 

 

 

web.xml Filter 이름 지정 실패

 

java.util.concurrent.ExecutionException: org.apache.catalina.LifecycleException: 구성요소 [StandardEngine[Catalina].StandardHost[localhost].StandardContext[/JSPProject]]을(를) 시작하지 못했습니다.

<filter>
<filter-name>My_Ft_01</filter-name>
<filter-class>Round18_01_Filter</filter-class>
</filter>
<filter-mapping>
<filter-name>My_Ft_01</filter-name>
<url-pattern>/Servlet_01</url-pattern>
</filter-mapping>
<servlet>
<servlet-name>My-01</servlet-name>
<servlet-class>Round18_01_Servlet</servlet-class>
</servlet>
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>My_01</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/Servlet_01</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>

 

out.println("<img src='Servlet_05_Sub?agree=" + agree);
out.println("&disagree=" + disagree + "'/>");

 

JSP

 

commandHandlerURI.properties에 지정된 경로 다른 프로젝트에 있으면 충돌 classNotFound error

 

油 (abura): oil

愛 (ai): love, affection, care

愛情 (aijou): love, affection

相変わらず (aikawarazu): as ever, as usual, the same

生憎 (ainiku): unfortunately; sorry, but…

愛する (aisuru): to love

相手 (aite): companion, partner

合図 (aizu): sign, signal

明かり (akari): light, illumination, glow

明ける (akeru): to dawn, to end (of a period, season)

空き (aki): space, room, emptiness

空き家 (akiya): vacant house, unoccupied house​

明らか (akiraka): obvious, evident, clear

諦める (akirameru): to give up, to abandon

飽きる (akiru): to get tired of

悪魔 (akuma): demon, evil

握手 (akushu): handshake

余る (amaru): to remain, to be left over

編む (amu): to knit, to braid​

汗 (ase): sweat, perspiration

穴 (ana): hole, deficit, vacancy

暗記 (anki): memorization

安定 (antei): stability, equilibrium

粗い (arai): coarse, rough​

嵐 (arashi): storm, tempest

新た (arata): new, fresh, novel

現れる (arawareru): to appear, to come in sight

表す (arawasu): to represent, to show, to display

有らゆる (arayuru): all, every

足元 (ashimoto): at one’s feet, under foot

値 (atai): price, cost

辺り (atari): neighborhood, nearby

跡 (ato): trace, tracks, mark

扱う (atsukau): to deal with, to treat

慌てる (awateru): to panic​, to rush

誤り (ayamari): error, mistake, slip

泡 (awa): bubble, foam

哀れ (aware): pity, sorrow, grief

合わせる (awaseru): to match, to join together

預ける (azukeru): to give into custody

場 (ba): place, spot, scene

馬鹿 (baka): fool, idiot

莫大 (bakudai): enormous, vast

爆発 (bakuhatsu): explosion, detonation

ばらばら: scattered, in pieces

罰する (bassuru): to punish, to penalize

弁護士 (bengoshi): lawyer, attorney​

別々 (betsubetsu): separately, individually​

美人 (bijin): beautiful woman

びっくり: to be surprised

微妙 (bimyou): delicate, subtle

瓶 (bin): bottle, jar

便 (bin): mail, post, flight

ぼんやり: absentmindedly

募集 (boshuu): recruitment, taking applications​, raising (funds)

棒 (bou): pole, rod, stick

冒険 (bouken): adventure, risk

部分 (bubun): portion, section, part

部品 (buhin): parts, components​

無事 (buji): safety, peace

武器 (buki): weapon, arms

物価 (bukka): prices of commodities

文 (bun): sentence

分 (bun): part, segment, share

文明 (bunmei): civilization

分類 (bunrui): categorization, sorting​

分析 (bunseki): analysis

文章 (bunshou): essay, article, composition

分野 (bun’ya): field, sphere

ぶらぶら: strolling, wandering

無沙汰 (busata): not writing or contacting for a while

物質 (busshitsu): material, substance

舞台 (butai): stage

打つかる (butsukaru): to strike against, to collide with

物理 (butsuri): physics

秒 (byou): second

平等 (byoudou): equality, evenness

父親 (chichioya): father

知恵 (chie): wisdom, wit

違い (chigai): difference, discrepancy

地平線 (chiheisen): horizon

地方 (chihou): district, region, area

地位 (chii): social position, status

地域 (chiiki): area, region

知事 (chiji): prefectural governor

地下 (chika): basement, cellar

近頃 (chikagoro): lately, recently

近道 (chikamichi): short way, shortcut​

力強い (chikarazuyoi): powerful, strong

遅刻 (chikoku): lateness, late coming

地区 (chiku): district, section, sector

地球 (chikyuu): the earth, the globe

知能 (chinou): intelligence, brain

知識 (chishiki): knowledge, information

貯金 (chokin): savings

直接 (chokusetsu): direct, immediate

著者 (chosha): author, writer

頂上 (choujou): top, summit, peak

長期 (chouki): long-term

調査 (chousa): investigation, examination

調子 (choushi): tone, condition, health

長所 (chousho): strong point, merit, virtue

朝食 (choushoku): breakfast

中学 (chuugaku): middle school

中間 (chuukan): middle, midway, center

中古 (chuuko): used, second-hand

注目 (chuumoku): notice, attention

注文 (chuumon): order, request

駐車 (chuusha): parking

中止 (chuushi): suspension, stoppage

中心 (chuushin): center, middle, core

中心地 (chuushinchi): center, metropolis​

昼食 (chuushoku): lunch, midday meal

中央 (chuuou): centre, middle

代 (dai): cost, price​, generation

大部分 (daibubun): most part, majority

代表 (daihyou): representative

代表者 (daihyousha): representative, delegate​

大臣 (daijin): cabinet minister


大小 (daishou): sizes (various), large and small​

大都会 (daitokai): metropolis, big city​

大統領 (daitouryou): president, chief executive

黙る (damaru): to be silent

段 (dan): steps, stair, grade, rank

だんだん: gradually, little by little

男女 (danjo): men and women, both genders

男子 (danshi): youth, young man

団体 (dantai): organization, association

だるい: sluggish, bothersome


出来事 (dekigoto): incident, affair

電池 (denchi): battery, cell​

伝言 (dengon): verbal message

電球 (denkyuu): light bulb

電子 (denshi): electron

電子レンジ (denshi renji): microwave oven

伝統 (dentou): tradition, convention

度 (do): degree, counter for occurrences​

どきどき: to beat fast (of one’s heart)

独特 (dokutoku): peculiarity, uniqueness

泥 (doro): mud, dirt

銅貨 (douka): copper coin

どうか: please, one way or another​

同級生 (doukyuusei): classmate

同僚 (douryou): coworker, colleague

動詞 (doushi): verb

道徳 (doutoku): morals

同様 (douyou): identical, same

 (e): handle, grip

描く (egaku): to draw, to paint

笑顔 (egao): smiling face

永遠 (eien): eternity

永久 (eikyuu): eternity

衛星 (eisei): satellite

栄養 (eiyou): nutrition, nourishment

援助 (enjo): assistance, aid

遠足 (ensoku): excursion, outing, trip​

演奏 (ensou): musical performance

演説 (enzetsu): speech, address

餌 (esa): feed, bait

縁 (fuchi): rim, edge, brink

筆 (fude): writing brush

笛 (fue): flute, pipe

不平 (fuhei): complaint, dissatisfaction

夫人 (fujin): wife, madam

婦人 (fujin): woman, lady, adult female

不自由 (fujiyuu): discomfort, inconvenience

不可 (fuka): wrong, bad, improper

不幸 (fukou): unhappiness, sorrow

袋 (fukuro): bag, sack

ふらふら: unsteadily, shakily

触れる (fureru): to touch, to feel

振る (furu): to wave, to shake

震える (furueru): to shiver, to shake

防ぐ (fusegu): to defend, to protect

節 (fushi): joint, knuckle, tune

双子 (futago): twins

沸騰 (futtou): boiling, becoming heated

風景 (fuukei): scenery, landscape

害 (gai): injury, harm, damage

外交 (gaikou): diplomacy

画家 (gaka): painter, artist

がっかり (gakkari): feel disappointed

 (gara): pattern, design

芸術 (geijutsu): art, the arts

外科 (geka): surgery, department of surgery

劇 (geki): drama, play

劇場 (gekijou): theater

現場 (genba): actual spot, scene

現状 (genjou): present condition

限界 (genkai): limit, bound

減少 (genshou): decrease, decline

銀 (gin): silver

豪華 (gouka): wonderful, gorgeous

誤解 (gokai): misunderstanding

 (goku): quite, very

 (gomi): rubbish, trash

合格 (goukaku): passing (exam), success

合計 (goukei): total amount

強盗 (goutou): robber, mugger

軍隊 (guntai): armed forces

ぐっすり (gussuri): sound sleep

行儀 (gyougi): manners, behavior

 (haba): width, breadth

省く (habuku): to omit, to leave out

 (hada): skin

 (hadaka): naked, nude

派手 (hade): showy, flashy

生える (haeru): to grow, to spring up


 (hai): ashes

掃く (haku): to sweep, to brush

歯磨き (hamigaki): brushing one’s teeth​

配送 (haisou): delivery

配達 (haitatsu): delivery, distribution

俳優 (haiyuu): actor, actress

始まり (hajimari): origin, beginning

 (haka): grave, tomb

計る (hakaru): to measure, to weigh

博士 (hakase): doctorate

履く (haku): to wear, to put on

吐く (haku): to vomit, to throw up

拍手 (hakushu): applause

花火 (hanabi): fireworks

離れる (hanareru): to be separated

話し合う (hanashiau): to discuss

話しかける (hanashikakeru): to start a conversation

離す (hanasu): to separate, to part

放す (hanasu): to release, to let go

花束 (hanataba): bunch of flowers, bouquet​

 (hane): feather, down

販売 (hanbai): sales, selling

反抗 (hankou): opposition, resistance

半年 (hantoshi): half year​

犯罪 (hanzai): crime, offense

 (hara): abdomen, stomach

原 (hara): field, plain

針 (hari): needle, pin

 (hasami): scissors

破産 (hasan): bankruptcy

 (hashi): end, edge

発車 (hassha): departure of a vehicle

 (hata): flag

 (hatake): field

働き (hataraki): work, labor

発達 (hattatsu): development, growth

発売 (hatsubai): sale, launch (product)​

発明 (hatsumei): invention

早めに (hayame ni): ahead of time

外す (hazusu): to undo, to remove

塀 (hei): wall, fence

平方メートル (heihou meetoru): square meter​

平日 (heijitsu): weekday, ordinary days

平均 (heikin): average, mean

平和 (heiwa): peace, harmony

返却 (henkyaku): return of something, repayment​

冷える (hieru): to grow cold, to get chilly

悲劇 (higeki): tragedy

批判 (hihan): criticism, judgment

批評 (hihyou): criticism, review

非常 (hijou): emergency, extraordinary

比較 (hikaku): comparison

引き受ける (hikiukeru): to undertake, to accept

飛行 (hikou): aviation, flight

轢く (hiku): to run over (with a vehicle)

秘密 (himitsu): secret, secrecy

紐 (himo): string, cord

引っ張る (hipparu): to pull, to draw

広がる (hirogaru): to spread out, to extend

昼寝 (hirune): nap (afternoon), siesta​

必死 (hisshi): frantic, desperate

額 (hitai): forehead, brow

否定 (hitei): negation, denial

人々 (hitobito): people; men and women

人込み (hitogomi): crowd of people

一言 (hitokoto): single word, a few words

一人暮らし (hitorigurashi): living by oneself, living alone​

等しい (hitoshii): equal

費用 (hiyou): cost, expense

膝 (hiza): knee, lap

日付 (hizuke): date

略 (hobo): almost, roughly

歩道 (hodou): footpath, walkway

吠える (hoeru): to bark, to howl

微笑む (hohoemu): to smile

誇り (hokori): pride, boast

埃 (hokori): dust

歩行者 (hokousha): pedestrian, walker​

(hone): bone

 (honoo): flame, blaze

本屋 (hon’ya): bookstore, bookshop​

 (hoo): cheek (of face)

掘る (horu): to dig, to excavate

保証 (hoshou): guarantee, security

干す (hosu): to dry, to drink up

ほっと: with a feeling of relief

豊富 (houfu): abundance, wealth

報告 (houkoku): report, information

方向 (houkou): direction, way

訪問 (houmon): call, visit

宝石 (houseki): gem, jewel

評判 (hyouban): fame, reputation

評価 (hyouka): valuation, estimation

胃 (i): stomach

一致 (icchi): match, agreement

位置 (ichi): place, position

市場 (ichiba): market, the market place

偉大 (idai): greatness

抱く (idaku): to embrace

衣服 (ifuku): clothes

異常 (ijou): strangeness, abnormality

一家 (ikka): a house, a home

息 (iki): breath

生き物 (ikimono): living thing, animal

勢い (ikioi): force, vigor, energy

以降 (ikou): hereafter, since

居間 (ima): living room

稲 (ine): rice-plant

居眠り (inemuri): nodding off, dozing

命 (inochi): life, life force

飲料 (inryou): beverage, drink​

印刷 (insatsu): printing

飲食 (inshoku): food and drink, eating and drinking​

一般 (ippan): general, universal

苛々 (iraira): getting nervous, irritation

意志 (ishi): will, volition

一生 (isshou): whole life, a lifetime

一種 (isshu): species, kind

一層 (issou): much more, still more

板 (ita): board, plank

悪戯 (itazura): mischief, prank

従兄弟 (itoko): cousin

一体 (ittai): what on earth…

岩 (iwa): rock

言わば (iwaba): so to speak

祝う (iwau): to congratulate, to celebrate

嫌がる (iyagaru): to hate, to dislike​

 (izumi): spring, fountain

自動販売機 (jidouhanbaiki): vending machine​

直に (jika ni): directly, in person

時刻 (jikoku): instant, time, moment

人種 (jinshu): race (of people), type of person

時差 (jisa): time difference​

自殺 (jisatsu): suicide

実習 (jisshuu): practice (in the field)

徐々 (jojo): gradually, steadily

女子 (joshi): woman, girl

助手 (joshu): helper, assistant

女王 (joou): queen

丈夫 (joubu): healthy, robust, strong

冗談 (joudan): jest, joke

上下 (jouge): up and down​, top and bottom

上品 (jouhin): elegant, polished​

上空 (joukuu): sky, upper air

乗客 (joukyaku): passenger

上京 (joukyou): proceeding to the capital (Tokyo)

状況 (joukyou): state of affairs

上達 (joutatsu): improvement, advance

上等 (joutou): superiority, first-class

女優 (joyuu): actress

受験 (juken): taking an examination

順調 (junchou): favorable, doing well

銃 (juu): gun, rifle

重大 (juudai): serious, important

柔道 (juudou): judo

渋滞 (juutai): congestion, stagnation

住宅 (juutaku): residence, housing

株 (kabu): stock, share

被る (kaburu): to put on (one’s head)

勝ち (kachi): win, victory

価値 (kachi): value, worth

替える (kaeru): to replace, to exchange

絵画 (kaiga): picture, painting

会合 (kaigou): meeting, assembly

海外 (kaigai): foreign, abroad

会員 (kaiin): member

会計 (kaikei): account, finance

改札 (kaisatsu): ticket gate, ticket barrier​

解決 (kaiketsu): settlement, solution

快晴 (kaisei): clear weather, cloudless weather

会社員 (kaishain): company employee​

解釈 (kaishaku): explanation, interpretation

開始 (kaishi): start, beginning

回収 (kaishuu): collection, retrieval

回数 (kaisuu): number of times, frequency

化学 (kagaku): chemistry

輝く (kagayaku): to shine, to glitter

影 (kage): shadow

加減 (kagen): adjustment, degree, extent

鍵 (kagi): key

限る (kagiru): to restrict, to limit

籠 (kago): basket, cage

抱える (kakaeru): to hold in the arms

価格 (kakaku): price, value, cost

関わる (kakawaru): to be concerned with, to have to do with

欠ける (kakeru): to be lacking

書き直す (kakinaosu): to write out, to rewrite

活気 (kakki): energy, liveliness

過去 (kako): the past, bygone days

囲む (kakomu): to surround, to encircle

各地 (kakuchi): every place, various places​

拡大 (kakudai): magnification

覚悟 (kakugo): resolution, readiness

隠れる (kakureru): to hide, to be hidden

隠す (kakusu): to hide, to conceal

構う (kamau): to mind, to care about

雷 (kaminari): lightning, thunder

髪の毛 (kami no ke): hair (head)

科目 (kamoku): school subject

缶 (kan): can, tin

管 (kan): pipe, tube

勘 (kan): perception, intuition

看板 (kanban): signboard, billboard

可也 (kanari): considerably, fairly

悲しむ (kanashimu): to be sad, to mourn for

歓迎 (kangei): welcome, reception

感激 (kangeki): deep emotion, impression

勘定 (kanjou): calculation, counting

間隔 (kankaku): space, interval​

観光 (kankou): sightseeing

観光客 (kankoukyaku): tourist

観客 (kankyaku): audience, spectator

観察 (kansatsu): observation

乾燥 (kansou): drying (e.g. clothes), dryness

香り (kaori): fragrance

空 (kara): emptiness, vacuum, blank

枯れる (kareru): to wither (of a plant)

刈る (karu): to cut (hair), to mow (grass)

火災 (kasai): conflagration, fire

重ねる (kasaneru): to pile up, to heap up

稼ぐ (kasegu): to earn income

貸出 (kashidashi): lending, loaning

賢い (kashikoi): wise, clever, smart

監督 (kantoku): supervision

歌手 (kashu): singer

 (kata): model, type

 (kata): shoulder

方々 (katagata): they (people), you (plural)

片方 (katahou): one of a pair, one side

固まる (katamaru): to harden, to solidify​

刀 (katana): sword, katana

語り合う (katariau): to talk together

語る (kataru): to talk about

仮定 (katei): assumption, hypothesis

勝手 (katte): one’s own convenience, selfish

飼う (kau): to keep (a pet)

 (kawa): skin, pelt

 (kawa): leather

可哀そう (kawaisou): poor, pitiable

川沿い (kawazoi): along the river, riverside

飾り (kazari): decoration

数える (kazoeru): to count

 (kazu): number

けち: stinginess, cheapskate

敬意 (keii): respect, honor

掲示 (keiji): notice, bulletin

刑事 (keji): police detective, criminal matter

掲示板 (keijiban): bulletin board, notice board

景気 (keiki): business condition

警告 (keikoku): warning, advice

傾向 (keikou): tendency, trend

計算 (keisan): calculation, reckoning

契約 (keiyaku): contract, agreement

欠陥 (kekkan): defect, fault

煙 (kemuri): smoke, fumes

券 (ken): ticket, coupon

県 (ken): prefecture (of Japan)

建築 (kenchiku): construction, architecture

見学 (kengaku): inspection, field trip

見解 (kenkai): opinion, point of view

健康 (kenkou): health

研究者 (kenkyuusha): researcher

研究所 (kenkyuusho): research institute, laboratory​

憲法 (kenpou): constitution

検査 (kensa): inspection, examination

建設 (kensetsu): construction

見当 (kentou): aim, mark, direction

検討 (kentou): consideration, examination

欠席 (kesseki): absence

決心 (kesshin): determination, resolution

化粧 (keshou): make-up, cosmetics

決定 (kettei): decision, determination

欠点 (ketten): weak point, weakness

血圧 (ketsuatsu): blood pressure​

血液 (ketsueki): blood

血液型 (ketsuekigata): blood type

結論 (ketsuron): conclusion

希望者 (kibousha): applicant, candidate

きちんと (kichinto): precisely, accurately

貴重 (kichou): precious, valuable

寄付 (kifu): contribution, donation

機嫌 (kigen): humor, temper, mood

生地 (kiji): cloth, fabric

記事 (kiji): article, news story

機械 (kikai): machine, mechanism

機関 (kikan): engine, agency, organization

帰国 (kikoku): return to one’s country​

気候 (kikou): climate

効く (kiku): to be effective

決まり (kimari): rule, settlement

気味 (kimi): sensation, feeling

禁煙 (kin’en): no smoking

気になる (ki ni naru): to bother one, to worry about

気にする (ki ni suru): to mind, to care about

金庫 (kinko): safe, vault

筋肉 (kinniku): muscle

金銭 (kinsen): money, cash

禁止 (kinshi): prohibition, ban

金属 (kinzoku): metal

奇妙 (kimyou): strange, queer

記念 (kinen): commemoration

機能 (kinou): function

記入 (kinyuu): entry, filling in forms

金融 (kin’yuu): financing, money circulation

記憶 (kioku): memory, recollection

気温 (kion): atmospheric temperature

霧 (kiri): fog, mist

記録 (kiroku): record, document

岸 (kishi): bank, coast, shore

基礎 (kiso): foundation, basis​

帰宅 (kitaku): returning home

際 (kiwa): edge, brink, verge

嫌う (kirau): to hate, to dislike

傷 (kizu): wound, injury, cut

器用 (kiyou): dexterous, skillful

気付く (kizuku): to notice, to realize

こぼす: to spill, to drop, to shed

越える (koeru): to cross over

恋 (koi): love

濃い (koi): thick, dense, strong

恋人 (koibito): lover, sweetheart

恋しい (koishii): yearned for, missed

個人 (kojin): individual, personal

国家 (kokka): state, country, nation

国会 (kokkai): National Diet, parliament

国境 (kokkyou): national border

黒板 (kokuban): blackboard

国語 (kokugo): national language

克服 (kokufuku): conquest, overcoming

穀物 (kokumotsu): grain, cereal

故郷 (kokyou): home town, birthplace

呼吸 (kokyuu): breathing, respiration

小麦 (komugi): wheat

今後 (kongo): from now on

今回 (konkai): now, this time

粉 (kona): flour, powder

困難 (konnan): difficulty, distress

今日 (konnichi): this day, these days, recently

好み (konomi): liking, taste

好む (konomu): to like, to prefer

 (koori): ice

凍る (kooru): to freeze

転ぶ (korobu): to fall down

殺す (korosu): to kill

腰 (koshi): lower back, waist

骨折 (kossetsu): bone fracture

断る (kotowaru): to refuse, to reject

諺 (kotowaza): proverb, maxim

好物 (koubutsu): favourite food​

講演 (kouen): lecture, address, speech

幸福 (koufuku): happiness

攻撃 (kougeki): attack, strike

公平 (kouhei): fairness, justice

候補 (kouho): candidate

後方 (kouhou): behind, in the rear

工事 (kouji): construction work​

硬貨 (kouka): coin

高価 (kouka): high price

貢献 (kouken): contribution

航空 (koukuu): aviation, flying

購入 (kounyuu): purchase, buy

考慮 (kouryo): consideration

交流 (kouryuu): (cultural) exchange, networking

交際 (kousai): association, friendship

構成 (kousei): organization, composition

高速 (kousoku): high speed

後者 (kousha): the latter

交通費 (koutsuuhi): traveling expenses

幸運 (kouun): good luck, fortune

小屋 (koya): hut, cabin, shed

小包 (kozutsumi): parcel, package

配る (kubaru): to distribute, to hand out

区別 (kubetsu): distinction, differentiation

工夫 (kufuu): solving ingeniously​

組 (kumi): set, group

組合 (kumiai): association, union

曇 (kumori): cloudiness, cloudy weather

曇る (kumoru): to get cloudy

位 (kurai): rank, class, grade

暮れ (kure): sunset, sundown

繰り返す (kurikaesu): to repeat

苦労 (kurou): troubles, hardships

苦しい (kurushii): painful, difficult

苦しむ (kurushimu): to suffer

狂う (kuruu): to go mad

臭い (kusai): stinking, smelly

 (kusari): chain

腐る (kusaru): to rot, to go bad

癖 (kuse): habit

きつい (kutsui): intense, severe, hard

苦痛 (kutsuu): pain, agony

加える (kuwaeru): to add, to sum up

加わる (kuwawaru): to be added to

句 (ku): sentence, passage

食う (kuu): to eat

悔しい (kuyashii): annoying, frustrating

巨大 (kyodai): huge, gigantic

許可 (kyoka): permission, approval

局 (kyoku): bureau, department

恐怖 (kyoufu): fear, dread, dismay

競技 (kyougi): game, match

競合 (kyougou): competition, rivalry

教授 (kyouju): professor

教科書 (kyoukasho): textbook

供給 (kyoukyuu): supply, provision

協力 (kyouryoku): cooperation

強力 (kyouryoku): powerful, strong

教師 (kyoushi): teacher (classroom)

共通 (kyoutsuu): commonness, community

共通点 (kyoutsuuten): point in common, common feature​

級 (kyuu): class (school, grade, rank

急に (kyuu ni): swiftly, rapidly

急激 (kyuugeki): sudden, radical

休日 (kyuujitsu): holiday, day off​

救助 (kyuujo): relief, aid

休暇 (kyuuka): holiday, day off

休憩 (kyuukei): rest, break, recess

給料 (kyuuryou): salary, wages

吸収 (kyuushuu): absorption

急速 (kyuusoku): rapid (progress)

眩しい (mabushii): dazzling, radiant​

間違い (machigai): mistake, error, blunder

間違う (machigau): to make a mistake

窓口 (madoguchi): ticket window, counter

孫 (mago): grandchild

迷子 (maigo): lost child, lost person

任せる (makaseru): to entrust, to leave to

負け (make): defeat, loss

幕 (maku): curtain

豆 (mame): beans

守る (mamoru): to protect, to guard

学ぶ (manabu): to study, to learn

真似 (mane): imitating, copying

招く (maneku): to invite, to ask

万一 (man’ichi): by some chance

満点 (manten): perfect score, full marks​

満足 (manzoku): satisfaction, contentment

丸 (maru): circle

真逆 (masaka): by no means, never

正に (masa ni): exactly, surely

増す (masu): to increase, to grow

回り (mawari): rotation

回す (mawasu): to turn, to rotate

迷う (mayou): to lose one’s way

先ず (mazu): first of all, to start with

混ぜる (mazeru): to mix, to stir

貧しい (mazushii): poor

命じる (meijiru): to order, to command

明確 (meikaku): clear, precise

命令 (meirei): order, command

迷惑 (meiwaku): trouble, bother, annoyance

面 (men): face, mask

綿 (men): cotton

面倒 (mendou): trouble, care

免許 (menkyo): license, permit

免許証 (menkyoshou): license, permit

面接 (mensetsu): interview (e.g. for a job)​

飯 (meshi): cooked rice, meal

目覚まし時計 (mezamashidokei): alarm clock​

身 (mi): body, oneself

実 (mi): fruit, nut

身につける (mi ni tsukeru): to learn; to acquire knowledge​

満ちる (michiru): to be full

身近 (midjika): near oneself, close to one

見事 (migoto): splendid, magnificent

味方 (mikata): friend, ally

見舞い (mimai): visiting ill or distressed people

未満 (miman): less than, insufficient​

見送り (miokuri): seeing one off

見送る (miokuru): to see someone off

未来 (mirai): the future

魅力 (miryoku): charm, fascination

認める (mitomeru): to accept, to admit

見つめる (mitsumeru): to stare at, to gaze at

土産 (miyage): present, souvenir

都 (miyako): capital, metropolis

持上げる (mochiageru): to elevate, to raise

持ち運び (mochihakobi): carrying

用いる (mochiiru): to use, to make use of

持ち物 (mochimono): personal effects, one’s belongings​

戻す (modosu): to put back, to give back

燃える (moeru): to burn, to get fired up

文字 (moji): letter (of alphabet)

目標 (mokuhyou): objective, target

目的 (mokuteki): goal, purpose, aim

文句 (monku): complaint, grumbling

者 (mono): person

物語 (monogatari): tale, story

物事 (monogoto): things, everything

物音 (monooto): sounds

盛り (mori): serving, helping

元 (moto): origin, source, base

求める (motomeru): to want, to wish for

最も (mottomo): most, extremely

毛布 (moufu): blanket

申し込み (moushikomi): application, entry

申込書 (moushikomisho): application form

申し込む (moushikomu): to apply for

申し訳 (moushiwake): apology, excuse

模様 (moyou): pattern, design

夢中 (muchuu): daze, ecstasy

無駄 (muda): futility, uselessness

迎え (mukae): meeting, greeting

向かい (mukai): facing, opposite

向ける (mukeru): to turn toward, to point

向く (muku): to face, to turn toward

剥く (muku): to peel, to skin

胸 (mune): chest, breast

無料 (muryou): free, no charge

無視 (mushi): disregarding, ignoring

虫歯 (mushiba): cavity, tooth decay

結ぶ (musubu): to tie, to bind

妙 (myou): strange, unusual

名 (na): name, given name

鍋 (nabe): saucepan, pot

撫でる (naderu): to stroke, to caress

長生き (nagaiki): longevity, long life​

眺め (nagame): view, scene, prospect

眺める (nagameru): to view, to gaze at

流れ (nagare): stream, current, flow

流れる (nagareru): to stream, to flow

流す (nagasu): to drain, to shed

慰める (nagusameru): to comfort, to console

内緒 (naisho): secrecy, confidentiality

内容 (naiyou): contents, matter

仲 (naka): relation, relationship

半ば (nakaba): middle, half

仲間 (nakama): fellow, companion

中身 (nakami): contents, interior

仲直り (nakanaori): reconciliation, make peace with​

生 (nama): raw, uncooked

怠ける (namakeru): to be idle

波 (nami): wave

涙 (namida): tears

直 (nao): straight, ordinary, common

情けない (nasakenai): miserable, pitiable

納得 (nattoku): consent, assent

懐かしい (natsukashii): missed, nostalgic​

縄 (nawa): rope, cord

悩む (nayamu): to be worried

謎 (nazo): riddle, puzzle, mystery

根 (ne): root, source, origin

熱中 (necchuu): going nuts (over something)

値段 (nedan): price, cost

願い (negai): desire, wish

願う (negau): to desire, to wish

年代 (nendai): age, era, period

年中 (nenjuu): whole year, all year round

年間 (nenkan): years (period of)

年齢 (nenrei): age, years

熱帯 (nettai): tropics

鼠 (nezumi): mouse, rat

似合う (niau): to suit, to match

日常 (nichijou): ordinary, everyday

日中 (nicchuu): daytime, during the day

日時 (nichiji): date and time​

日夜 (nichiya): day and night, always, constantly

苦手 (nigate): poor at, weak in

握る (nigiru): to grip, to grasp

日本 (nihon): Japan

日光 (nikkou): sunlight

にっこり (nikkori): smile, grin

人間 (ningen): human being, person

人気 (ninki): popularity

人数 (ninzuu): the number of people​

日程 (nittei): schedule, program

野 (no): plain, field

伸ばす (nobasu): to grow long

述べる (noberu): to state, to express

伸びる (nobiru): to stretch, to extend

軒 (noki): eaves

残り (nokori): remnant, residue

残す (nokosu): to leave (behind)

のんびり (nonbiri): carefree, at leisure

乗せる (noseru): to place on

能 (nou): talent, gift, function

農業 (nougyou): agriculture

農家 (nouka): farmer, farm family

農民 (noumin): farmers, peasants

能力 (nouryoku): ability

除く (nozoku): to exclude, to except

望み (nozomi): hope, desire, wish

望む (nozomu): to desire, to wish for

抜ける (nukeru): to come out, to fall out

抜く (nuku): to extract, to omit

布 (nuno): cloth

入学 (nyuugaku): matriculation

入院 (nyuuin): hospitalization

入場 (nyuujou): entrance, admission

入力 (nyuuryoku): input, (data) entry​

入社 (nyuusha): joining a company

溺れる (oboreru): to drown

帯 (obi): obi, kimono sash

落ち着く (ochitsuku): to calm down, to compose oneself

穏やか (odayaka): calm, gentle, quiet

終える (oeru): to finish

老い (oi): old age, old person

お辞儀 (ojigi): bow, bowing

丘 (oka): hill, height

沖 (oki): open sea

起こる (okoru): to occur, to happen

奥 (oku): inner part

贈る (okuru): to give (as a gift)

主に (omo ni): mainly, primarily

思い出 (omoide): memories

思わず (omowazu): unintentionally

おむつ: diaper, nappy

恩 (on): favor, debt of gratitude

温暖 (ondan): warm, mild

温度 (ondo): temperature

鬼 (oni): demon

温泉 (onsen): hot spring​

追い付く (oitsuku): to catch up with

大雨 (ooame): heavy rain​

大型 (oogata): large, larged-size

大いに (ooi ni): very, much, greatly

覆う (oou): to cover, to conceal

大家 (ooya): landlord, landlady

大雪 (ooyuki): heavy snow​

下す (orosu): to lower, to drop

降ろす (orosu): to take down, to unload

収める (osameru): to dedicate, to supply

幼い (osanai): very young, childish

抑える (osaeru): to restrain, to control

汚染 (osen): pollution, contamination

お喋り (oshaberi): chattering, talk

おしまい: the end, closing

おすすめ: recommendation, suggestion

劣る (otoru): to be inferior to

恐らく (osoraku): perhaps, likely

恐れる (osoreru): to fear, to be afraid of

恐ろしい (osoroshii): terrible, dreadful

お互い (otagai): mutual

おとなしい: obedient, docile, quiet​

追う (ou): to chase, to run after

応募 (oubo): application, enlistment

応援 (ouen): aid, assistance, help

往復 (oufuku): making a round trip

王/王様 (ou/ousama): king, ruler

横断 (oudan): crossing, traverse

王子 (ouji): prince

応じる (oujiru): to respond, to comply

応用 (ouyou): putting to practical use​

終 (owari): the end

及ぼす (oyobosu): to exert, to cause

泳ぎ (oyogi): swimming

凡そ (oyoso): about, roughly

ぺらぺら: fluently

ぴったり (pittari): exactly, tightly

楽 (raku): comfort, ease

例 (rei): example, case

礼儀 (reigi): manners, courtesy

冷静 (reisei): calm, composure

連絡先 (renrakusaki): contact address​

練習 (renshuu): practice, practicing

連想 (rensou): association of ideas

連続 (renzoku): serial, consecutive

列車 (ressha): train (ordinary)

列 (retsu): queue, line

利益 (rieki): profit, gains

理解 (rikai): understanding, comprehension

離婚 (rikon): divorce

利口 (rikou): clever, intelligent

立派 (rippa): splendid, fine

理想 (risou): ideal

率 (ritsu): rate, ratio

利用者 (riyousha): user, consumer​

論文 (ronbun): thesis, essay

論じる (ronjiru): to argue, to debate

論争 (ronsou): controversy, dispute

労働 (roudou): manual labor, work

老人 (roujin): the aged, old person

量 (ryou): quantity, amount

両替 (ryougae): change, money exchange

料金 (ryoukin): fee, charge, fare

領収書 (ryoushuusho): hand-written receipt​

留学 (ryuugaku): studying abroad

流行 (ryuukou): fashion, vogue

差 (sa): difference, variation

砂漠 (sabaku): desert

差別 (sabetsu): discrimination

作業 (sagyou): work, operation

作法 (sahou): manners, etiquette

裁判 (saiban): trial, judgement

最上 (saijou): best

参加者 (sankasha): participant, entrant​

最高 (saikou): highest, supreme

才能 (sainou): talent, ability

最終 (saishuu): last, final

最低 (saitei): least, lowest, worst

幸い (saiwai): happiness, luckily

境 (sakai): border, boundery

逆らう (sakarau): to go against, to oppose

盛り (sakari): peak, height

叫ぶ (sakebu): to shout, to cry

避ける (sakeru): to avoid, to ward off

作家 (sakka): author, writer

作曲 (sakkyoku): composition

作品 (sakuhin): work, production

作物 (sakumotsu): produce, crops

桜 (sakura): cherry blossom

覚ます (samasu): to awaken

覚める (sameru): to wake up

様々 (samazama): varied, various

参加 (sanka): participation

参考 (sankou): reference, consultation

賛成 (sansei): approval, agreement

酸素 (sanso): oxygen

さっぱり (sappari): feeling refreshed

更に (sara ni): furthermore, again

去る (saru): to leave, to go away

猿 (saru): monkey

支える (sasaeru): to support, to prop

誘う (sasou): to invite, to call for

指す (sasu): to point, to indicate

さっそく: at once, immediately

偖 (sate): well, now, then

札 (satsu): note, paper money

騒ぎ (sawagi): uproar, disturbance

左右 (sayuu): left and right, control

正 (sei): true, regular

性 (sei): gender

所為 (sei): consequence, result, blame

製 (sei): -made, make​

性別 (seibetsu): gender

生物 (seibutsu): living things

成長 (seichou): growth, grow to adulthood

制度 (seido): system, institution

政府 (seifu): government, administration

制服 (seifuku): uniform

制限 (seigen): restriction, restraint

製品 (seihin): manufactured goods

政治家 (seijika): politician, statesman​

成人 (seijin): adult

正常 (seijou): normalcy, normality

正解 (seikai): correct, right

性格 (seikaku): character, personality

正確 (seikaku): accurate, punctual

清潔 (seiketsu): clean, sanitary

世紀 (seiki): century, era

成功 (seikou): success, hit

請求 (seikyuu): claim, demand, charge

生命 (seimei): life, existence

青年 (seinen): youth, young man

整理 (seiri): sorting, arrangement

生産 (seisan): production, manufacture

成績 (seiseki): results, grade

正式 (seishiki): official, formality

精神 (seishin): spirit, heart, mind

精々 (seizei): at the most, at best

製造 (seizou): manufacture, production

世間 (seken): world, society

咳 (seki): cough

責任 (sekinin): duty, responsibility

石炭 (sekitan): coal

石油 (sekiyu): oil, petroleum

せっかく: with trouble, at great pains

設計 (sekkei): plan, design, layout

積極的 (sekkyokuteki): assertive, positive

責める (semeru): to blame, to condemn

宣伝 (senden): publicity, advertisement

先日 (senjitsu): the other day

専攻 (senkou): major subject

専門 (senmon): specialty, area of expertise​

専門家 (senmonka): specialist, expert

選手 (senshu): player, team member

選択 (sentaku): selection, choice

説 (setsu): theory

設備 (setsubi): equipment, device

説明会 (setsumeikai): information session, briefing

節約 (setsuyaku): economizing, saving

喋る (shaberu): to talk, to chat

車道 (shadou): roadway

社員 (shain): company employee​

借金 (shakkin): debt, loan, liabilities

詩 (shi): poem

幸せ (shiawase): happiness, good fortune

芝居 (shibai): play, drama

芝生 (shibafu): lawn

縛る (shibaru): to tie, to bind, to fasten​

屡々 (shibashiba): often, again and again

死亡 (shibou): death, mortality

次第に (shidai ni): gradually, in sequence

指導 (shidou): leadership, guidance

指導者 (shidousha): leader, guide

刺激 (shigeki): stimulus, impetus

資源 (shigen): resources

支配 (shihai): domination, rule

支払い (shiharai): payment

支払う (shiharau): to pay

始発 (shihatsu): first train, first bus

資本 (shihon): funds, capital

詩人 (shijin): poet

然も (shika mo): moreover, furthermore

式 (shiki): equation, ceremony, style

頻りに (shikiri ni): frequently, repeatedly

湿気 (shikke): moisture, humidity, dampness​

支給 (shikyuu): provision, supply

姉妹 (shimai): sisters

仕舞う (shimau): to finish, to stop

締め切り (shimekiri): deadline, closing

占める (shimeru): to occupy, to hold

締める (shimeru): to tie, to fasten, to tighten

示す (shimesu): to show, to indicate

霜 (shimo): frost

品 (shina): article, item, goods

身長 (shinchou): height (of body), stature

慎重 (shinchou): careful, cautious, prudent

進学 (shingaku): entering a higher-level school

信号 (shingou): signal, traffic light

信じる (shinjiru): to believe, to trust

新幹線 (shinkansen): Shinkansen, bullet train​

神経 (shinkei): nerve, sensitivity

真剣 (shinken): seriousness, earnestness

深刻 (shinkoku): serious, severe

信仰 (shinkou): faith, belief

信念 (shinnen): belief, faith, conviction

新入生 (shinnyuusei): new student, freshman

審判 (shinpan): refereeing, trial

進歩 (shinpo): progress, advance

信頼 (shinrai): reliance, trust

心理 (shinri): state of mind, mentality

森林 (shinrin): forest, woods​

診察 (shinsatsu): medical examination

親戚 (shinseki): relative, relation

新鮮 (shinsen): fresh

信用 (shin’you): confidence, credit

親友 (shin’yuu): close friend

心臓 (shinzou): heart, guts, nerve

調べ物 (shirabemono): matter to be checked or investigated​

知らせ (shirase): news, notice

尻 (shiri): buttocks, bottom

知り合い (shiriai): acquaintance

知り合う (shiriau): to get to know (someone)

城 (shiro): castle

印 (shirushi): seal, stamp, mark

資料 (shiryou): materials, data, document​

姿勢 (shisei): posture, attitude

試食 (shishoku): sampling food​

支出 (shishutsu): expenditure

思想 (shisou): thought, idea

舌 (shita): tongue

従う (shitagau): to abide (by the rules)

親しい (shitashii): intimate, close

指定 (shitei): assignment, appointment

支店 (shiten): branch office

質 (shitsu): quality, value

失望 (shitsubou): disappointment, despair

湿度 (shitsudo): level of humidity​

失業 (shitsugyou): unemployment

しつこい: obstinate, persistent

室内 (shitsunai): indoor, inside the room​

市役所 (shiyakusho): municipal office, city hall​

使用 (shiyou): use, application

自然 (shizen): nature, natural

沈む (shizumu): to sink, to go under

食器 (shokki): tableware

職 (shoku): job, work, employment

職場 (shokuba): place of work, workplace

植物 (shokubutsu): plant, vegetation

職業 (shokugyou): occupation, business

食品 (shokuhin): food, foodstuff

食物 (shokumotsu): food, foodstuff

食卓 (shokutaku): dining table

食欲 (shokuyoku): appetite (for food)

食料 (shokuryou): food

食糧 (shokuryou): provisions, food supply

署名 (shomei): signature

書物 (shomotsu): books

処理 (shori): processing, dealing with

書類 (shorui): documents, official papers

書斎 (shosai): study, library

章 (shou): chapter, section

賞 (shou): prize, award

商売 (shoubai): trade, business

消防 (shoubou): fire fighting

承知 (shouchi): knowledge, awareness

障害 (shougai): obstacle, impediment

奨学金 (shougakukin): scholarship

小学生 (shougakusei): primary school student

正午 (shougo): noon, midday

消費 (shouhi): consumption, expenditure

商品 (shouhin): commodity, goods

正直 (shoujiki): honesty, integrity

生じる (shoujiru): to produce, to yield

少女 (shoujo): little girl, young lady

症状 (shoujou): symptoms, condition

証明 (shoumei): proof, verification

少年 (shounen): boy, juvenile

商人 (shounin): trader, merchant

承認 (shounin): recognition, acknowledgement

小説家 (shousetsuka): novelist, fiction writer​

少々 (shoushou): just a minute

衝突 (shoutotsu): collision, crash

出張 (shucchou): official tour, business trip

主張 (shuchou): claim, insistence

手段 (shudan): means, way, measure

主婦 (shufu): housewife, mistress

主義 (shugi): principle, rule, doctrine

手術 (shujutsu): surgical operation

瞬間 (shunkan): moment, instant, second

出勤 (shukkin): going to work, leaving for work

縮小 (shukushou): reduction, curtailment​

種類 (shurui): variety, kind, type

首相 (shushou): Prime Minister

首都 (shuto): capital city

宿泊 (shukuhaku): lodging

出版 (shuppan): publication

主要 (shuyou): chief, main, principle

出身 (shusshin): person’s origin

集中 (shuuchuu): concentration

集団 (shuudan): group, mass

集合 (shuugou): gathering, assembly, meeting​

周囲 (shuui): surroundings, environs

収穫 (shuukaku): harvest, crop

週間 (shuukan): week

週刊 (shuukan): weekly publication​

宗教 (shuukyou): religion

週末 (shuumatsu): weekend

収入 (shuunyuu): income, revenue

修理 (shuuri): repairing, mending

終了 (shuuryou): end, close, termination​

修正 (shuusei): amendment, correction

就職 (shuushoku): finding employment

終点 (shuuten): terminus, last stop (e.g. train)​

育つ (sodatsu): to be raised

袖 (sode): sleeve

祖父母 (sofubo): grandparents

底 (soko): bottom, sole

速度 (sokudo): speed, velocity

そっくり (sokkuri): all, together, just like

粗末 (somatsu): rude, rough, plain

損 (son): loss, disadvantage

備える (sonaeru): to furnish, to provide for

尊重 (sonchou): respect, esteem

損害 (songai): damage, injury, loss

尊敬 (sonkei): respect, esteem

存在 (sonzai): existence, being

夫々 (sorezore): each, respectively​

注ぐ (sosogu): to pour into, to fill

組織 (soshiki): organization

装置 (souchi): equipment, installation

早朝 (souchou): early morning

掃除機 (soujiki): vacuum cleaner​

騒音 (souon): noise

操作 (sousa): operation, management

早退 (soutai): leaving early​

相当 (soutou): considerable, suitable

相続 (souzoku): succession, inheritance

想像 (souzou): imagination, guess

そっと: secretly, gently

巣 (su): nest, hive

全て (subete): everything, all

末 (sue): tip, top, end, close

姿 (sugata): figure, form, shape

筋 (suji): muscle

過ごす (sugosu): to pass (time)

優れる (sugureru): to surpass, to excel

水準 (suijun): level, standard

睡眠 (suimin): sleep

推薦 (suisen): recommendation, referral

救う (sukuu): to rescue from

済ませる (sumaseru): to finish

鋭い (surudoi): sharp, pointed

進める (susumeru): to advance, to promote

勧める (susumeru): to recommend

素敵 (suteki): lovely, beautiful

数字 (suuji): numeral, figure, digit

束 (taba): bundle, bunch

旅 (tabi): travel, trip, journey

度々 (tabitabi): often, again and again

多分 (tabun): perhaps, probably

立場 (tachiba): standpoint, position

立上る (tachiagaru): to stand up

唯 (tada): ordinary, free of charge

直ちに (tadachi ni): at once, immediately

互い (tagai): mutual, reciprocal

態度 (taido): attitude, manner

大半 (taihan): majority, more than half

逮捕 (taiho): arrest, apprehension

体育 (taiiku): physical education

体育館 (taiikukan): gymnasium

体重 (taijuu): (body) weight​

大会 (taikai): convention, tournament

大気 (taiki): atmosphere

退屈 (taikutsu): tedium, boredom

体温 (taion): body temperature

平ら (taira): flatness, level

大陸 (tairiku): continent

体力 (tairyoku): physical strength, stamina

大量 (tairyou): large quantity, mass

大戦 (taisen): great war, great battle

大使 (taishi): ambassador

大した (taishita): considerable, great

対象 (taishou): target, object

体操 (taisou): gymnastics, physical exercises

対する (tai suru): to face (each other)

大抵 (taitei): mostly, usually

太陽 (taiyou): sun, solar

滞在 (taizai): staying, sojourn

宝 (takara): treasure

弾 (tama): ball, sphere, globe, bullet

貯まる (tamaru): to be saved up (of money)​

偶々 (tamatama): casually, unexpectedly

貯める (tameru): to save up (money)

試し (tameshi): trial, test

試す (tamesu): to try out, to test

種 (tane): seed, kind, variety

単語 (tango): word, vocabulary

谷 (tani): valley

単位 (tan’i): unit, denomination

短気 (tanki): quick temper, short temper​

他人 (ta’nin): another person, others

単なる (tannaru): mere, simple, sheer

単に (tan ni): simply, merely

誕生 (tanjou): birth, creation

単純 (tanjun): simplicity, simple

楽しむ (tanoshimu): to enjoy (oneself)​

担当 (tantou): being in charge

倒す (taosu): to bring down

確かめる (tashikameru): to ascertain, to check

多少 (tashou): more or less, somewhat

達する (tassuru): to reach, to get to

助ける (tasukeru): to save, to rescue

戦い (tatakai): battle, fight

戦う (tatakau): to fight, to struggle

叩く (tataku): to strike, to beat

縦 (tate): the vertical, height

立て直す (tatenaosu): to restore, to revive

経つ (tatsu): to pass, to lapse

便り (tayori): news, tidings

頼る (tayoru): to rely on

提案 (teian): proposal, suggestion

停電 (teiden): power outage, blackout

程度 (teido): degree, amount

定期 (teiki): fixed period, fixed term

抵抗 (teikou): resistance, opposition

停留所 (teiryuujou): bus stop, tram stop

停車 (teisha): stopping (of a train, car, etc.)

定食 (teishoku): set meal

提出 (teishutsu): to present, to submit

手品 (tejina): sleight of hand, magic

敵 (teki): opponent, rival

適する (teki suru): to fit, to suit

適度 (tekido): moderate

適切 (tekisetsu): adequate, appropriate

適用 (tekiyou): applying, adoption

手間 (tema): time, labor

典型 (tenkei): pattern, model

天候 (tenkou): weather

店内 (tennai): store interior​

天然 (tennen): nature, spontaneity

徹底 (tettei): thoroughness, completeness

鉄 (tetsu): iron

手伝い (tetsudai): assistant, help

鉄道 (tetsudou): railroad, railway

哲学 (tetsugaku): philosophy

徹夜 (tetsuya): all night

飛ばす (tobasu): to fly, to skip over

土地 (tochi): plot of land, soil

届く (todoku): to reach, to be delivered

徒歩 (toho): walking, going on foot​

問い (toi): question, query

閉じる (tojiru): to close (book, eyes)

都会 (tokai): city

解ける (tokeru): to be solved, to loosen

時 (toki): time, hour, moment, occasion

解く (toku): to untie, to solve

特徴 (tokuchou): feature, trait

得意 (tokui): one’s strong point, frequent customer

留める (tomaru): to stop, to turn off

友 (tomo): friend, companion

兎に角 (tonikaku): anyhow, at any rate

とんでも無い (tondemonai): unthinkable

通り (toori): avenue, street

通り過ぎる (toorisugiru): to pass through

通す (toosu): to force through, to let pass

虎 (tora): tiger

取れる (toreru): to come off, to be removed

取上げる (toriageru): to take up, to pick up

都市 (toshi): town, city

年月 (toshitsuki): months and years

年寄 (toshiyori): old people, the aged

図書 (tosho): books

突然 (totsuzen): abrupt, sudden

党 (tou): party (political)

塔 (tou): tower, pagoda

答案 (touan): examination paper

到着 (touchaku): arrival

投票 (touhyou): voting, poll

当日 (toujitsu): appointed day, very day​

当然 (touzen): natural

登山 (tozan): mountain climbing

翼 (tsubasa): wing

土 (tsuchi): earth, soil, dirt

次々 (tsugitsugi): in succession, one by one

遂に (tsui ni): finally, at last

捕まる (tsukamaru): to be caught

掴む (tsukamu): to seize, to catch

疲れ (tsukare): tiredness, fatigue

付合い (tsukiai): association, socializing

付き合う (tsukiau): to associate with, to go out with

就く (tsuku): to take (seat, position)

詰める (tsumeru): to stuff into, to jam

罪 (tsumi): crime, sin, wrongdoing

積もる (tsumoru): to pile up, to accumulate

繋ぐ (tsunagu): to connect, to link together

常に (tsune ni): always, constantly

角 (tsuno): horn

辛い (tsurai): painful, bitter

連れ (tsure): companion, company

釣 (tsuri): fishing, angling

伝わる (tsutawaru): to be transmitted

勤め (tsutome): service, duty, business

包み (tsutsumi): bundle, package, parcel

通知 (tsuuchi): notice, notification

通学 (tsuugaku): commuting to school

通じる (tsuujiru): to lead to, to be understood

通過 (tsuuka): passage through

通勤 (tsuukin): commuting to work​

通行 (tsuukou): passage, passing

通信 (tsuushin): correspondence, communication

通訳 (tsuuyaku): interpretation

梅雨 (tsuyu): rainy season

続き (tsuzuki): sequel, continuation

奪う (ubau): to snatch away

宇宙 (uchuu): universe, cosmos

動かす (ugokasu): to move, to shift

伺う (ukagau): to ask, to inquire

受け取る (uketoru): to receive, to get

うっかり: carelessly, thoughtlessly

浮く (uku): to float​

馬 (uma): horse

生まれ (umare): birth, birthplace

梅 (ume): plum, plum tree

埋める (umeru): to bury, to fill up

生む: to give birth, to produce

運 (un): fortune, luck

唸る (unaru): to groan, to moan

運動会 (undoukai): athletic meet, sports day​

裏側 (uragawa): the reverse, other side

羨ましい (urayamashii): envious, jealous

裏切る (uragiru): to betray

売れる (ureru): to sell well

売り切れる (urikireru): to be sold out​

兎 (usagi): rabbit, hare

牛 (ushi): cattle, cow

失う (ushinau): to lose

疑う (utagau): to doubt, to distrust

撃つ (utsu): to shoot, to attack

移す (utsusu): to transfer, to move

訴える (uttaeru): to appeal, to sue

噂 (uwasa): rumor, gossip

輪 (wa): ring, circle, loop

話題 (wadai): topic, subject

我が家 (wagaya): one’s house, one’s home

若者 (wakamono): young people

別れ (wakare): parting, separation

訳 (wake): reason, cause, meaning

分ける (wakeru): to divide

脇 (waki): beside, close to, nearby

湾 (wan): bay, gulf

笑い (warai): laugh, laughter

我々 (wareware): we

割 (wari): rate, ratio, proportion

割引 (waribiki): discount, reduction

割る (waru): to divide, to cut

悪口 (warukuchi): bad mouth, insult

僅か (wazuka): only, merely

破る (yaburu): to tear, to break

家賃 (yachin): rent

宿 (yado): inn, lodging

矢張り (yahari): as expected

夜間 (yakan): night, nighttime​

厄介 (yakkai): trouble, nuisance

役 (yaku): use, service, role

約 (yaku): approximately, about

役立つ (yakudatsu): to be useful, to be helpful

役割 (yakuwari): part, role, duties

野球 (yakyuu): baseball

山登り (yamanobori): mountain climbing

辞める (yameru): to retire, to resign

屋根 (yane): roof

やり直す (yarinaosu): to do over again, to redo

雇う (yatou): to employ, to hire

夜明け (yoake): dawn, daybreak

予防 (yobou): prevention, precaution

余分 (yobun): extra, excess

汚れ (yogore): dirt, filth, stain

予報 (yohou): forecast, prediction

予期 (yoki): expectation, forecast

横切る (yokogiru): to cross, to traverse

横 (yoko): horizontal, beside

翌朝 (yokuasa): next morning​

翌年 (yokutoshi): following year​

嫁 (yome): wife, bride

読み (yomi): reading

夜中 (yonaka): midnight, dead of night

世の中 (yo no naka): world, society

喜び (yorokobi): joy, delight

予算 (yosan): estimate, budget

予測 (yosoku): prediction, estimation

予想 (yosou): expectation, prediction

予想外 (yosougai): unexpected, unforeseen

止す (yosu): to cease, to desist

酔う (you): to get drunk

容易 (youi): easy, simple, plain

容器 (youki): container, vessel

用心 (youjin): care, precaution

陽気 (youki): weather, cheerful

要求 (youkyuu): demand, firm request

用紙 (youshi): blank form​

要素 (youso): element, factor, component

様子 (yousu): state, appearance

要点 (youten): gist, main point

ようやく: finally, at last

余裕 (yoyuu): surplus, margin

唯一 (yuiitsu): only, sole, unique

ゆるい: loose

床 (yuka): floor

愉快 (yukai): pleasant, happy

行き (yuki): bound for, going to

行き先 (yukisaki): destination, whereabouts

許す (yurusu): to permit, to allow

豊か (yutaka): abundant, wealthy

郵便 (yuubin): mail service

遊園地 (yuuenchi): amusement park

夕方 (yuugata): evening, dusk​

友人 (yuujin): friend

友情 (yuujou): friendship, fellowship

勇気 (yuuki): courage, bravery

有効 (yuukou): validity, effectiveness

友好 (yuukou): friendship

有能 (yuunou): capable, efficient

有利 (yuuri): advantageous, profitable

有料 (yuuryou): fee-charging, paid

優勝 (yuushou): championship, overall victory

優秀 (yuushuu): superiority, excellence

郵送 (yuusou): mailing, posting​

譲る (yuzuru): to hand over, to surrender

稍 (yaya): a little, partially

材料 (zairyou): ingredients, material

財産 (zaisan): property, fortune, assets

残業 (zangyou): overtime (work)​

座席 (zaseki): seat

ざっと (zatto): roughly, in rough number

是非 (zehi): certainly, without fail

税金 (zeikin): tax, duty

贅沢 (zeitaku): luxury, extravagance

善 (zen): good, goodness, virtue

前後 (zengo): before and after​, front and rear

全員 (zen’in): all members, everyone

前日 (zenjitsu): previous day, day before

全国 (zenkoku): countrywide, nationwide

前者 (zensha): the former

前進 (zenshin): advance, drive, progress

全身 (zenshin): whole (body), full-length

全体 (zentai): whole, entirety

絶対 (zettai): absolutely

絶滅 (zetsumetsu): destruction, exinction

象 (zou): elephant

増加 (zouka): increase

図 (zu): drawing, picture, diagram

随分 (zuibun): very, extremely

ずっと (zutto): continuously in some state

頭痛 (zutsuu): headache

See also: JLPT N3 Grammar List
 

 

暴れる (abareru): to act violently; to rage; to struggle; to be riotous​
溢れる (afureru): to overflow; to brim over; to flood
愛着 (aichaku): attachment; love; covetous affection​
合間 (aima): interval; break; pause; spare moment​
曖昧 (aimai): vague; ambiguous; unclear​
愛らしい (airashii): pretty; charming; lovely; adorable
愛社 (aisha): devotion to one’s company​
相性 (aishou): affinity; compatibility​
相次いで (aitsuide): one after the other; successively​
愛用 (aiyou): favorite; habitually used​
味付け (ajitsuke): seasoning; flavor​
赤字 (akaji): (being in) the red; deficit; red letter; red writing​; corrections (by a teacher or proofreader) written in red​
飽き (aki): weariness; boredom; tedium; tiresomeness​
空き地 (akichi): vacant land; unoccupied ground; empty lot​
諦め (akirame): resignation; acceptance; consolation​
憧れ (akogare): yearning; longing; aspiration; adoration; admiration​
憧れる (akogareru): to long for; to yearn after; to admire; to be attracted by
雨水 (amamizu/usui): rain water
甘やかす (amayakasu): to pamper; to spoil​
安易 (an’i): easy; simple​; easygoing; lighthearted; simplistic; irresponsible; careless; quick (to do)​
安価 (anka): low-priced; cheap; inexpensive​
仰向け (aomuke): face up
荒い (arai): rough; wild; violent; rude; coarse; harsh; fierce; heavy (e.g. breathing)​; immoderate; extravagant; reckless​
洗い出す (araidasu): to reveal something by washing the surface​; to bring to light; to reveal by investigation​
予め (arakajime): beforehand; in advance; previously​
争う (arasou): to compete; to contest; to contend​; to quarrel; to argue; to dispute; to be at variance; to oppose​
改める (aratameru): to change; to alter; to revise; to replace; to reform; to correct; to mend; to improve​
荒れる (areru): to be stormy; to be rough​; to be ruined; to fall into ruin​; to be in a bad temper; to lose one’s temper​
焦り (aseri): impatience
焦る (aseru): to be in a hurry; to be impatient; to be flustered; to lose one’s presence of mind; to be surprised​
足を運ぶ (ashi o hakobu): to go; to come; to turn out (at a meeting, event, etc.); to show up; to make your way to​
圧勝 (asshou): complete victory​
宛 (ate): addressed to
当てはまる (atehamaru): to apply (a rule); to be applicable; to come under (a category); to fulfill; to hold true​
後回し (atomawashi): putting off; postponing​
後戻り (atomodori): going backward; turning back; backtracking; doubling back​; retrogression; relapse; returning to a bad state​
厚かましい (atsukamashii): impudent; shameless; brazen​
慌ただしい (awatadashii): busy; hurried; confused; flurried
怪しい (ayashii): suspicious; dubious; doubtful; dodgy; suspicious (referring to a potential amorous relation); dangerous (e.g. financial situation); ominous (e.g. weather); strange; shady; fishy​
歩み寄る (ayumiyoru): to compromise; to meet halfway​; to step up to; to walk up to; to approach​
歩む (ayumu): to walk; to go on foot​
鮮やか (azayaka): vivid; bright; brilliant; clear; fresh; vibrant​; skillful; brilliant; beautiful; fine; excellent​
倍増 (baizou): double
離れ (banare): (suffix) separation from; loss of interest in; independence of; distancing (of oneself) from; disillusionment with; alienation from (something)
ばっさり: with a single stroke; resolutely; drastically; completely​
別荘 (bessou): holiday house; vacation home; villa; prison; jail
美術 (bijutsu): art; fine arts​
びっしょり: wet through; drenched​
美容院 (biyouin): beauty parlor; beauty salon; hairdressing salon​
募金 (bokin): fund-raising; collection of funds​
牧場 (bokujou): farm (livestock); ranch (US); pasture land; meadow; grazing land​
膨大 (boudai): huge; vast; enormous; colossal; extensive; large​; swelling; expansion
防犯 (bouhan): prevention of crime​
防災 (bousai): prevention of damage resulting from a natural disaster; protection against disaster​
部員 (buin): staff; member (club, society, etc.)​
部下 (buka): subordinate person​
ぶかぶか: too large (clothing); baggy; loose-fitting
分割 (bunkatsu): partition; division; separation; segmenting; splitting​
文系 (bunkei): humanities, social sciences, and fine arts; liberal arts
文献 (bunken): literature; books (reference); document​
分配 (bunpai): division; splitting; sharing; distribution; dissemination; allocation​
物資 (busshi): goods; materials; commodities; resources; supplies
着々と (chakuchaku to): steadily
着実 (chakujitsu): steady; sound; solid; reliable; trustworthy​
縮める (chidjimeru): to shorten; to reduce; to condense; to shrink​; to make (one’s body) smaller; to draw in (one’s legs); to duck (one’s head)​
縮む (chidjimu): to shrink; to contract; to diminish (in size)​
近々 (chikadjika): soon; nearness; before long​
近づく (chikazuku): to approach; to draw near; to get close​; to get acquainted with; to get closer to; to get to know​
蓄積 (chikuseki): accumulation; accumulate; store​
散らかす (chirakasu): to scatter around; to leave untidy​
地帯 (chitai): area; zone; belt (of land)​
知的 (chiteki): intellectual
地点 (chiten): site; point on a map; spot​
地球温暖化 (chikyuuondanka): global warming​
直結 (chokketsu): direct connection; direct link​
直後 (chokugo): immediately following​
直立 (chokuritsu): standing upright; standing straight
直前 (chokuzen): just before​
長編 (chouhen): long (e.g. novel, film)​
長方形 (chouhoukei): rectangle; oblong​
長期間 (choukikan): long period (of time)​
彫刻 (choukoku): carving; engraving; sculpture​
彫刻家 (choukokuka): engraver; carver; sculptor​
長距離 (choukyori): long distance; long haul​
調味料 (choumiryou): seasoning; flavoring; flavouring; condiment​
調理 (chouri): cooking; food preparation​
調整 (chousei): adjustment; regulation; coordination; reconciliation; tuning; fixing; tailoring​
調節 (chousetsu): regulation; adjustment; control​
聴衆 (choushuu): audience; attendance; hearers​
抽象 (chuushou): abstraction
中断 (chuudan): interruption; suspension; break​
注意深い (chuuibukai): careful
忠実 (chuujitsu): faithful; devoted; loyal; honest; true​
中旬 (chuujun): middle of a month; second third of a month; 11th to 20th day of a month​
中華 (chuuka): Chinese food
中継 (chuukei): relay; relay broadcasting
駐輪所 (chuurinjo): bicycle parking place​
抽選 (chuusen): lottery; raffle; drawing (of lots)​
大学祭 (daigakusai): university festival; rag day
台無し (dainashi): mess; spoiled; spoilt; (come to) nothing; ruin​
段取り (dandori): programme; program; plans; arrangements​
段階 (dankai): grade; level; stage; class; phase; steps; order; gradation​
団結 (danketsu): unity; union; solidarity; combination; teaming up​
だらし無い (darashinai): slovenly (appearance, work, etc.); sloppy; untidy; undisciplined; careless; loose; slack​; weak; feeble; weak-willed; gutless​
脱出 (dasshutsu): escape; break-out​; prolapse; proptosis​
妥当 (datou): valid; proper; right; appropriate; reasonable​
出来上がる (dekiagaru): to be completed; to be finished; to be ready (e.g. to serve or eat)​
電源 (dengen): source of electricity; electrical power​; power (button on TV, etc.)​
電気屋 (denkiya): electric appliance store​
電波 (denpa): radio wave; reception; signal
伝染 (densen): contagion; infection​
伝達 (dentatsu): transmission (e.g. news, chemical signals, electricity); communication; delivery; conveyance; transfer; relay; propagation; conduction​
でたらめに: nonsense; irresponsible remark; codswallop; hogwash; rubbish
土台 (dodai): foundation; base; basis​
独占 (dokusen): monopoly; monopolization; exclusivity​; keeping to oneself​
読者 (dokusha): reader
独身者 (dokushinsha): unmarried person; bachelor
道中 (douchuu): during the journey; on the way; while travelling​
動機 (douki): motive; incentive​
同居 (doukyo): coexistence; living together​
同年代 (dounendai): the same generation; coeval​
導入 (dounyuu): introduction; bringing in; leading in; installation​
動作 (dousa): action; movements; motions; bearing; behaviour; behavior; execution; actuation; operation; manners​
絵本 (ehon): picture book​
映像 (eizou): image (on a screen); picture (e.g. on a TV)​; video; film; footage​
円形 (enkei): round shape; circle; circular form​
円満 (enman): harmonious; peaceful; happy; amicable; smooth; free from trouble​
(eri): collar; lapel; neckband; neck​; nape of the neck; scruff of the neck​
不調 (fuchou): bad condition; not to work out (i.e. a deal); disagreement; break-off; disorder; slump; out of form​
不快 (fukai): displeasure; discomfort; unpleasantness​; indisposition; ailment​
不可欠 (fukaketsu): indispensable; essential​
深まる (fukamaru): to deepen; to heighten; to intensify​
深める (fukameru): to deepen; to heighten; to intensify​
不完全 (fukanzen): imperfect; incomplete; faulty; defective​
不機嫌 (fukigen): pout; displeasure; ill humor; ill humour; sullenness
付近 (fukin): neighbourhood; neighborhood; vicinity; environs​
不規則 (fukisoku): irregularity; unsteadiness; disorderly​
副 (fuku): assistant; associate; vice-; sub-; deputy
膨らます (fukuramasu): to swell; to expand; to inflate; to bulge​
膨らむ (fukuramu): to expand; to swell (out); to get big; to become inflated​
福祉 (fukushi): welfare; well-being; social welfare; social security; social service​
複数 (fukusuu): plural; multiple; several​
普及 (fukyuu): diffusion; spread; popularization; promulgation; familiarization​
不明 (fumei): unclear; obscure; indistinct; uncertain; ambiguous​; unknown; unidentified​
不明瞭 (fumeiryou): dimness; obscurity; indistinctness; unclear; unintelligible​
ふもと: foot (of a mountain or hill); bottom; base
ふらふら: unsteadily (e.g. on one’s feet); shakily; staggering; tottering; reeling; dizzily; giddily; wavering (in one’s mind); unsteadily; indecisively​
触れ合い (fureai): contact; connectedness; rapport; mutual touching​
触れ合う (fureau): to come into contact with; to touch (each other)
振り込み (furikomi): payment made via bank deposit transfer​
振り向く (furimuku): to turn one’s face; to turn around; to look over one’s shoulder​
不良品 (furyouhin): inferior goods; defective product; defective goods​
塞ぐ (fusagu): to stop up; to close up; to block (up); to plug up; to shut up; to cover (ears, eyes, etc.); to close (eyes, mouth)​; to stand in the way; to obstruct​; to occupy; to fill up; to take up​
不採用 (fusaiyou): rejection (of an application)​
負担 (futan): burden; load; responsibility​; bearing (a cost, responsibility, etc.); shouldering​
風 (fuu): appearance; air​
不愉快 (fuyukai): unpleasant; disagreeable; displeasing; uncomfortable; unhappy​
街 (gai): … street; … quarter; … district​
外観 (gaikan): outward appearance; exterior appearance; outward show; looks​
外見 (gaiken): outward appearance​
概要 (gaiyou): outline; summary; overview; abridgment; synopsis​
学費 (gakuhi): tuition; school expenses
学業 (gakugyou): studies; schoolwork; classwork​
学年 (gakunen): academic year; school year​
学歴 (gakureki): academic background​
学生課 (gakuseika): student affairs office​
願望 (ganbou): desire; wish; aspiration​
頑丈 (ganjou): solid; firm; stout; burly; strong; sturdy​
頑固 (ganko): stubborn; obstinate; pigheaded​
がらがら: with a clatter; with a rattle​
がっしり: firmly; solidly; sturdily; strongly; toughly
合宿 (gasshuku): lodging together; training camp; boarding house​
画用紙 (gayoushi): drawing paper
芸能 (geinou): public entertainment; performing arts​; accomplishments; attainments​
劇的 (gekiteki): dramatic; exciting; touching​; extreme
現代人 (gendaijin): modern person; people of today​
現時点 (genjiten): present point (i.e. in history); at the present time​
原稿 (genkou): manuscript; copy; draft; notes; contribution​
原理 (genri): principle; theory; fundamental truth​
原料 (genryou): raw materials​
原作 (gensaku): original work​
原産 (gensan): place of origin; habitat​
厳守 (genshu): strict observance; rigid adherence; scrupulous compliance​
原則 (gensoku): principle; general rule​
減速 (gensoku): deceleration
幻想 (gensou): fantasy; illusion; vision; dream​
限定 (gentei): limit; restriction​
現在地 (genzaichi): present location; current location; “you are here” (on map)​
議題 (gidai): topic of discussion; agenda​
疑問点 (gimonten): point of uncertainty; unclarified issue; doubt​
銀行員 (ginkouin): bank employee; bank staff member; bank clerk​
ぎりぎり: just barely; only just; at the very limit; at the last moment
儀式 (gishiki): ceremony; rite; ritual; service​
ぎっしり: tightly (packed); densely; closely; crammed​
ぎざぎざ: notches; serration; indentation; jaggies (stair-step artifacts in computer images)​
ごちゃごちゃ: messy; confused; chaotic; disorderly; mixed-up; jumbled up
強引 (gouin): overbearing; coercive; pushy; forcible; high-handed​
ぐったり: limply; wearily; listlessly; languidly; exhaustedly; unenergetically
後日 (gojitsu): in the future; another day; later​
娯楽 (goraku): pleasure; amusement​
合同 (goudou): combination; union; incorporation; amalgamation; fusion
愚痴 (guchi): idle complaint; grumble​
ぐんぐん: rapidly; vigorously; by leaps and bounds; steadily​
行事 (gyouji): event; function​
行列 (gyouretsu): line; queue; procession; parade​
幅広い (habahiroi): extensive; wide; broad​
蜂 (hachi): bee; wasp
蜂蜜 (hachimitsu): honey
鉢植え (hachiue): potted plant​
破片 (hahen): fragment; broken piece; splinter; chip; shard​
背景 (haikei): background; scenery; backdrop; setting; circumstance; context​; backing; support (from behind the scenes)​
廃止 (haishi): abolition; repeal​
墓参り (hakamairi): visit to a grave​
発揮 (hakki): show (of power, ability, etc.); exhibition; demonstration; display; manifestation​
泊 (haku): counter for nights of a stay​
白衣 (hakui): white robe; (doctor’s) white gown​
鼻水 (hanamizu): nasal mucus; dripping nose; snot​
話し合い (hanashiai): discussion; conference​
話し声 (hanashigoe): speaking voice; talking voice​
話し手 (hanashite): speaker
販売者 (hanbaisha): seller; vendor​
反映 (han’ei): reflection (light, image, situation, attitude, etc.); reflecting​; influence; application (e.g. of an update)​
半額 (hangaku): half the amount (of money); half price; half fare​
半減 (hangen): reduction by half; halving​
恥 (haji): shame; embarrassment; disgrace​
反感 (hankan): antipathy; antagonism; animosity; revulsion; ill feeling​
半日 (hannichi): half day
反発 (hanpatsu): opposition; rebellion; revolt; resistance; backlash; refusal​; rebounding; recoiling; repulsion​
張り切る (harikiru): to be in high spirits; to be full of vigor (vigour); to be enthusiastic; to be eager; to stretch to breaking point​
反論 (hanron): objection; refutation; rebuttal; counterargument​
半数 (hansuu): half the number
張り紙 (harigami): paper patch; paper backing; poster; sticker; label​​
挟む (hasamu): to hold between (e.g. one’s fingers, chopsticks); to grip (from both sides)​; to put between; to sandwich between; to insert; to interpose​; to insert (e.g. a break into proceedings); to interpose (e.g. an objection); to interject; to throw in (e.g. a joke)​
発散 (hassan): emission; emanation; radiation; diffusion; dispersion​; letting out (feelings); venting​
発想 (hassou): idea; conception; way of thinking
発送 (hassou): sending; forwarding; shipping​
働き手 (hatarakite): worker; breadwinner; supporter​; able person; able man; productive worker​
発言 (hatsugen): statement; remark; observation; utterance; speech; proposal​
流行り (hayari): fashion; fad; vogue; craze​
隔てる (hedateru): to separate (by distance, time, etc.); to isolate; to partition; to divide​; to interpose; to have between​; to alienate; to estrange​
平凡 (heibon): ordinary; common; commonplace; mediocre; unremarkable; undistinguished; uneventful​
平気 (heiki): coolness; calmness; composure; unconcern​
弊社 (heisha): our firm; our company (humble)
閉店 (heiten): closing up shop (for the day)​; stopping business; going out of business​
変換  (henkan): change; conversion; transformation​
変形 (henkei): transformation; variation; metamorphosis; modification; deformation; variety; deformity; monster​
返金 (henkin): repayment
返品 (henpin): returned goods; returning purchased goods​
返信 (henshin): reply
偏食 (henshoku): unbalanced diet​
編集 (henshuu): editing; compilation​
返送 (hensou): sending back; return to sender​
返答 (hentou): reply; answer​
非 (hi): (prefix) un-; non-; an-​
日当たり (hiatari): exposure to the sun; sunny place​
非凡 (hibon): extraordinary; uncommon; remarkable; unusual; rare; prodigious​
日々 (hibi): every day; daily; day after day; days (e.g. good old days)​
必着 (hicchaku): must arrive; must be received​
日帰り (higaeri): day trip​
日頃 (higoro): normally; habitually​
引き込む (hikikomu): to pull into; to draw in; to bring in​; to win over
引き止める (hikitomeru): to detain; to check; to restrain​
引き取る (hikitoru): to take into one’s possession; to receive; to accept; to collect; to claim​; to take (a person) into one’s care; to take custody of; to adopt​
引き続き (hikitsuzuki): continuously; continually; without a break​; next; then; after that​
引き渡す (hikiwatasu): to deliver; to extradite; to stretch across; to hand over​
引っかかる (hikkakaru): to be caught in; to be stuck in​; to get mixed up in (trouble); to get entangled in (a problem); to be involved with​
筆記 (hikki): (taking) notes; copying​; writing
非公式 (hikoushiki): informal; unofficial​
惹く (hiku): to draw (attention, sympathy, etc.); to attract (e.g. interest)​
卑怯 (hikyou): cowardice; meanness; unfairness​
非難 (hinan): criticism; blame; censure; attack; reproach​
避難 (hinan): taking refuge; finding shelter; evacuation; escape; seeking safe haven​
品質 (hinshitsu): (material) quality​
比例 (hirei): proportion
広場 (hiroba): plaza; (public) square; piazza; forum; open space
広々 (hirobiro): extensive; spacious​
広がり (hirogari): spread; span; expanse; extent​
広げる (hirogeru): to spread; to extend; to expand; to enlarge; to widen; to broaden; to unfold; to open; to unroll; to unwrap​
秘書 (hisho): (private) secretary​; treasured book; secret book​
潜む (hisomu): to lurk; to be hidden; to be concealed; to lie dormant; to be latent​
筆者 (hissha): writer; author​
ひそひそ: in a whisper; in a low voice; in undertones
密か (hisoka): secret; private; surreptitious​
秘する (hisuru): to keep secret; to conceal​
ひたすら: intently; single‐mindedly; devotedly; solely; earnestly; with all one’s heart
人前 (hitomae): presence of other people; (in) public; (in) front of others​
ひと昔 (hitomukashi): ages; long time; decade; the past ten years​
一人残らず (hitorinokorazu): everyone
必要不可欠 (hitsuyoufukaketsu): essential; indispensable; imperative; necessary; compelling, vital, critical​
冷やす (hiyasu): to cool (from room temperature); to chill; to refrigerate; to calm down; to cool off; to regain one’s composure; to relax​; to be frightened (at); to be scared (of)​
日差し (hizashi): sunlight; rays of the sun​
保護者 (hogosha): guardian; protector; patron; parent​
保育園 (hoikuen): nursery school; day nursery; preschool​
保育所 (hoikusho): nursery school; nursery​
補助 (hojo): assistance; support; aid; help​; subsidy; supplement; subvention; grant-in-aid​
歩行 (hokou): walk
本番 (honban): performance; take; going before an audience or on-air​; game; season; crucial moment​
本業 (hongyou): principal occupation; core business​
本格 (honkaku): original method or procedure; serious; orthodox; classical; genuine​
本日 (honjitsu): today
本来 (honrai): originally; primarily​; essentially; intrinsically; naturally; by nature; in (and of) itself​
本社 (honsha): head office; main office; headquarters; parent company; this company; this shrine​
本心 (honshin): true feelings​
保守 (hoshu): maintenance; conservatism; conservativeness; conservation​
補足 (hosoku): supplement; complement​
細長い (hosonagai): long and narrow​
舗装 (hosou): pavement; road surface​
欲する (hossuru): to want; to desire
包丁 (houchou): kitchen knife; carving knife​
報道 (houdou): information; report; journalism; news​
放映 (houei): televising; broadcasting; airing​
放課後 (houkago): after school​
子供たちは、放課後集まって宿題をしている。
報告書 (houkokusho): (written) report​
方面 (houmen): direction; district; area​
方針 (houshin): policy; plan; course; principle; objective​
表示 (hyouji): indication; expression; showing; manifestation; demonstration​; display; displaying
評論 (hyouron): criticism; critique​
表紙 (hyoushi): cover (of a book, magazine, etc.); binding​
異 (i): (prefix) different
居場所 (ibasho): whereabouts; place; location; place where one belongs; where one fits in; place where one can be oneself​
いちいち: one-by-one; separately; every single; each and every; without omission; fully; in detail​
一段 (ichidan): more; much more; still more; all the more​
一段落 (ichidanraku): reaching a stopping place; settling down (before the next stage); getting to a point where one can rest; completing the first stage (of the work)​
一面 (ichimen): one face; one surface​; the whole surface​; one aspect; one side​; (on) the other hand​
一覧 (ichiran): look; glance; sight; inspection​; summary; list; table; catalog; catalogue​
一例 (ichirei): example; an instance​
一時休業 (ichijikyuugyou): temporary suspension (of business); brief shutdown
著しい (ichijirushii): striking; remarkable; considerable​
一助 (ichijo): help; assistance​
遺伝 (iden): heredity; (genetic) inheritance​
遺伝子 (idenshi): gene; genetic
意義 (igi): meaning; significance​
居心地 (igokochi): comfort
いい加減 (iikagen): irresponsible; perfunctory; careless​; lukewarm; half-baked; halfhearted; vague​; reasonable; moderate
意地悪 (ijiwaru): malicious; ill-tempered; unkind​
怒り (ikari): anger; rage; fury; wrath; indignation​
生かす (ikasu): to make (the best) use of; to put to good use; to leverage (skills, attributes, experience, etc.); to capitalise on (experience, etc.)​
生き生き (ikiiki): in a lively way; vividly; freshly; animatedly; actively; energetically​
いきなり: abruptly; suddenly; all of a sudden; without warning
生き残る (ikinokoru): to survive​
息抜き (ikinuki): taking a breather; relaxation; vent hole​
一見 (ikken): look; glimpse; glance​; apparently; seemingly​
一向に (ikkou ni): completely; absolutely; totally​; (not) at all; (not) a bit; (not) in the least​; earnestly; intently; determinedly​
育児 (ikuji): childcare; child-rearing; nursing; upbringing​
育成 (ikusei): rearing; training; nurture; cultivation; promotion​
いまいち: not quite (right); not very good; somewhat (lacking)​
印鑑 (inkan): stamp; seal​
飲食店 (inshokuten): restaurant
入れ込む (irekomu): to put in; to place inside; to push into; to stuff into​; to be enthusiastic; to be engrossed​
入り替える (irikaeru): to replace; to substitute; to shift; to change places
衣装 (ishou): clothing; costume; outfit; garment; dress
急ぎ (isogi): haste; hurry; expedition; speed; dispatch​
一斉に (issei ni): simultaneously; all at once; in unison​
傷む (itamu): to be spoiled (e.g. food); to be damaged​
意図 (ito): intention; aim; design​
嫌々 (iyaiya): unwillingly; grudgingly; reluctantly​
痛ましい (itamashii): pitiful; heartbreaking; heartrending; touching; tragic; sad; hurtful​
一斉に (issei ni): simultaneously; all at once; in unison​
一色 (isshoku): same tendency; everyone being caught up in the same thing​; one color
移転 (iten): moving; relocation; change of address​; transfer (of deeds, property, etc.); demise​
一旦 (ittan): once; for a short time; briefly; temporarily
一定 (ittei): fixed; settled; constant; definite; uniform; regularized; regularised; defined; standardized; standardised; certain; prescribed​
一転 (itten): complete change; reversal; sudden transformation​
居酒屋 (izakaya): izakaya; Japanese bar that also serves various dishes and snacks​
自治体 (jichitai): municipality; local government; self-governing body; autonomous body​
児童 (jidou): children; juvenile​
次回 (jikai): next time (occasion)​
次回 (jikai): next time (occasion)​
時間帯 (jikantai): period of time; time slot; time zone​
じっくり: deliberately; carefully; thoroughly; without rushing​
自己 (jiko): self; oneself​
時給 (jikyuu): hourly pay; hourly wage​
地元 (jimoto): home area; home town​; local
人工物 (jinkoubutsu): artificial object; man-made object; artifact; artefact​
人工知能 (jinkouchinou): artificial intelligence; AI
人材 (jinzai): capable person; talented person​; human resources; personnel​
事例 (jirei): example; precedent; case​
自律 (jiritsu): autonomy (philosophy)​; self-control​
持参 (jisan): bringing; taking; carrying​
自社 (jisha): one’s company; company one works for​
実質 (jisshitsu): substance; essence​; real (in economics, vs. nominal, e.g. real interest rate); substantive; substantial; essential; tangible​
自主 (jishu): independence; autonomy; self-reliance​
自習 (jishuu): self-study; teaching oneself
実績 (jisseki): achievements; actual results; accomplishments; past results; track record​
実践 (jissen): practice; putting into practice; implementation​
実施 (jisshi): enforcement; implementation; putting into practice; carrying out; operation; working (e.g. working parameters); enactment​
自体 (jitai): itself
辞退 (jitai): declining; refusal; nonacceptance; turning down; withdrawal (e.g. of candidacy); pulling out (e.g. of a race); excusing oneself​
時点 (jiten): point in time; occasion​
事典 (jiten): encyclopedia; cyclopedia​
事前 (jizen): prior; beforehand; in advance; before the fact; ex ante
慈善 (jizen): charity; philanthropy​
持続 (jizoku): continuation; persisting; lasting; sustaining; enduring
じたばた: (kicking and) struggling; wriggling; floundering​
序列 (joretsu): rank; ranking order; hierarchy​
助手席 (joshuseki): passenger seat; assistant driver’s seat​
上部 (joubu): top part; surface​
上半身 (jouhanshin): upper half of (one’s) body; upper body; bust
蒸発 (jouhatsu): evaporation; disappearance (of people intentionally concealing their whereabouts); unexplained disappearance​
上位 (joui): superior (in rank); top; ranking​
情景 (joukei): spectacle; sight; scene​
上級者 (joukyuusha): advanced student; advanced learner; advanced practitioner; experienced person​
常温 (jouon): normal temperature; room temperature​
上陸 (jouriku): landing; disembarkation; landfall​
乗車 (jousha): boarding (a train, bus, etc.); getting into (e.g. a taxi)​
上司 (joushi): (one’s) superior; (one’s) boss; the higher-ups​
上昇 (joushou): rising; ascending; climbing​
錠剤 (jouzai): pill; lozenge; tablet​
受動的 (judouteki): passive
受験生 (jukensei): student preparing for or taking examinations (usu. entrance exams); test-taker​
受講 (jukou): taking (attending) lectures​
塾 (juku): coaching school; cramming school; juku​
寿命 (jumyou): life span​
順位 (jun’i): order; rank; position (e.g. in a race); precedence​
循環 (junkan): circulation; rotation; cycle; loop​
順に (jun ni): in order; in turn; one by one​
順序 (junjo): order; sequence; procedure​
順応 (junnou): adaptation; accommodation; conforming; adjustment​; acclimatization
純粋 (junsui): pure; true; genuine; unmixed​
受診 (jushin): having a medical examination; seeing a doctor​
受賞 (jushou): winning (a prize)​
充電 (juuden): charging (electrically)​
充実感 (juujitsukan): sense of fulfillment; sense of completeness; sense of accomplishment; sense of contentment​
充満 (juuman): being filled with; being full of; permeation​
柔軟 (juunan): flexible; lithe; soft; pliable​
充実 (juujitsu): fullness; completion; perfection; enhancement; improvement; enrichment; upgrading​
充実感 (juujitsukan): sense of fulfillment; sense of completeness; sense of accomplishment; sense of contentment​
住宅地 (juutakuchi): housing district; residential district​
重役 (juuyaku): (company) director; executive; top management​; important post; role with heavy responsibilities​
課 (ka): lesson; section (in an organization); division; department​; counter for lessons and chapters (of a book)​
価値観 (kachikan): sense of values; values; value system​
課題 (kadai): subject; theme; issue; matter​; homework; assignment​; task; challenge; problem; question​
過度 (kado): excessive; immoderate​
花粉 (kafun): pollen
花粉症 (kafunshou): hay fever; pollinosis (allergy to pollen)​
輝かしい (kagayakashii): brilliant; glorious; glittering; bright; splendid (e.g. achievement, success); promising (e.g. future)​
輝き (kagayaki): brightness; brilliance; brilliancy; radiance; glitter​
過激 (kageki): extreme; radical​
嗅ぐ (kagu): to sniff; to smell​
下位 (kai): low rank; lower position; subordinate position; lower order (e.g. byte)​
開封 (kaifuu): opening (an envelope or parcel); breaking the seal; unsealed letter​
介護 (kaigo): nursing; care; caregiving; caring​
介護施設 (kaigoshisetsu): nursing home; rest home
解放 (kaihou): release; unleashing; liberation; emancipation; setting free​
開放感 (kaihoukan): sense of space; spaciousness​
会員証 (kaiinshou): membership card; membership certificate​
開会 (kaikai): opening of a meeting​
会見 (kaiken): interview; audience; meeting; (viewing) party
解決策 (kaiketsusaku): solution; solution strategy​
開幕 (kaimaku): raising the curtain​; opening (of an event); start of a season
皆無 (kaimu): nonexistent; nil; none; nothing (at all); bugger-all​
飼い主 (kainushi): shepherd; (pet) owner​
回覧 (kairan): circulation (esp. documents); sending round​
改良 (kairyou): improvement; reform​
開催 (kaisai): holding (a conference, exhibition, etc.); opening; hosting (e.g. the Olympics)​
改正 (kaisei): revision; amendment; alteration​
開設 (kaisetsu): establishment; opening; setting up; inauguration​
解説 (kaisetsu): explanation; commentary; exposition; elucidation​
買い占める (kaishimeru): to buy up​
解消 (kaishou): cancellation; liquidation; resolution; reduction (e.g. of stress)​
海水浴 (kaisuiyoku): swimming in the ocean; sea bathing; seawater bath; going for a dip in the ocean​
回数 (kaisuu): number of times; frequency; count
改訂 (kaitei): revision (of text); alteration; change
回転 (kaiten): rotation (usu. around something); revolution; turning​
回答 (kaitou): reply; answer​
解約 (kaiyaku): cancellation of contract​
果実 (kajitsu): fruit; nut; berry​; profit
過剰 (kajou): excess; surplus; superabundance; overabundance​
係 (kakari): charge; duty; person in charge; official; clerk
欠かせない (kakasenai): indispensable; vital; fundamental; imperative; crucial
欠かす (kakasu): to miss (doing); to fail (to do)​
関わり合う (kakawariau): to get involved or entangled in; to get mixed up in; to have something to do with; to have dealings with​
下記 (kaki): the following
夏期 (kaki): summer term (e.g. school); summer period​
格好つける (kakkou tsukeru): to affect a stylish air; to try to look good; to show off​
隔 (kaku): every other; second; alternate​
格別 (kakubetsu): particular; special; exceptional; especial​
角度 (kakudo): angle
確保 (kakuho): securing; obtaining; ensuring; guarantee; maintaining​
各位 (kakui): everyone; each and every one (of you); ladies and gentlemen​
各自 (kakuji): each (person); everyone; individual; respective​
確率 (kakuritsu): probability; likelihood; chances​
獲得 (kakutoku): acquisition; possession​
格安 (kakuyasu): cheap; reasonable
歓迎会 (kangeikai): welcome party
活発 (kappatsu): lively; active; vigorous; animated; brisk​
係 (kakari): charge; duty; person in charge; official; clerk​
係員 (kakariin): person in charge; official; attendant​
駆け抜ける (kakenukeru): to run past from behind; to run through (e.g. gate, one’s mind)​
拡充 (kakujuu): expansion
確信 (kakushin): conviction; belief; confidence​
確定 (kakutei): decision; settlement​
感 (kan): (prefix) feeling; sensation; emotion; admiration; impression​
叶う (kanau): to come true (of a wish, prayer, etc.); to be realized; to be fulfilled; to suit (e.g. a purpose); to meet (wishes, ideals, etc.); to conform to (standards, rules, etc.); to be consistent with​
完備 (kanbi): (being) fully equipped; (being) fully furnished
勘違い (kanchigai): misunderstanding; mistaken idea; wrong guess​
加熱 (kanetsu): heating; application of heat​
看護 (kango): nursing; (army) nurse​
看護師 (kangoshi): (hospital) nurse; registered nurse​
感じ取る (kanjitoru): to perceive; to sense; to take in; to grasp; to feel​
簡潔 (kanketsu): brevity; conciseness; simplicity​
観光地 (kankouchi): tourist attraction; sight-seeing area​
観念 (kannen): idea; notion; concept; conception​; sense (e.g. of duty)​
完璧 (kanpeki): perfect; complete; flawless​
簡略 (kanryaku): simple; simplicity; brief; brevity​
簡略化 (kanryakuka): simplification
観戦 (kansen): watching a (sports) game; spectating; observing (military operations)​
観測 (kansoku): observation; survey; measurement​
鑑賞 (kanshou): appreciation (of art, music, poetry, etc.)​
観点 (kanten): point of view​
勧誘 (kan’yuu): invitation; solicitation; canvassing; canvasing; inducement; persuasion; encouragement​
絡む (karamu): to entangle; to entwine​; to pick a quarrel; to find fault​
仮に (kari ni): supposing; even if; granting that; for argument’s sake; temporarily; provisionally; for the time being​
軽々 (karugaru): lightly; easily; carelessly​
重なる (kasanaru): to be piled up; to lie on top of one another​; to come one after another; to happen over and over; to pile up (e.g. stress); to accumulate
歌詞 (kashi): song lyrics; words of a song; libretto​
貸し出し (kashidashi): lending; loaning
箇所 (kasho): passage; place; point; part
加速 (kasoku): acceleration; speeding up​
かすか: faint; dim; weak; slight; vague; indistinct; hazy​; poor; wretched; meagre; meager; scanty
課する (kasuru): to levy; to charge; to assess; to impose; to assign​
肩幅 (katahaba): shoulder width (breadth)​
傾く (katamuku): to incline toward; to slant; to lurch; to heel over; to be disposed to; to trend toward; to be prone to​
語りかける (katarikakeru): to make a speech; to address​
偏る (katayoru): to lean (to one side); to incline​; to be unbalanced (e.g. diet); to be unduly weighted towards; to be concentrated on​; to be partial; to be biased; to be prejudiced​
片付け (katazuke): tidying up; finishing
片付く (katazuku): to be put in order; to be put to rights​; to be disposed of; to be solved​
過程 (katei): process; course; mechanism​
下等 (katou): inferior; base; vulgar; low grade; lower class​
活字 (katsuji): printing type; movable type​; printed text; print​
活力 (katsuryoku): vitality; energy; dynamism​
活躍 (katsuyaku): activity (esp. energetic); great efforts; conspicuous service​; to flourish; to participate actively; to play an active role​
可愛がる (kawaigaru): to love; to cherish; to be affectionate to; to treat tenderly; to dote on​; to show favouritism to; to be partial to​
変わった (kawatta): another; different; various; particular; unusual; novel; peculiar
かゆい: itchy
飾り付け (kazaritsuke): decoration; arrangement​
数々 (kazukazu): many; numerous; various; large number of​
数多く (kazuooku): in great numbers​
決着 (kecchaku): conclusion; decision; end; settlement​
気配 (kehai): indication; sign; hint; presence; trend​
警備 (keibi): defense; defence; guard; policing; security​
警備員 (keibihin): guard; security (officer); guardsman​
経営者 (keieisha): manager; proprietor​
軽減 (keigen): abatement; reduction​
経費 (keihi): expenses; cost; outlay​
契機 (keiki): opportunity; chance​; trigger; cause​
蛍光灯 (keikoutou): fluorescent lamp; fluorescent light​
経理 (keiri): accounting; administration (of money)​
掲載 (keisai): publication (e.g. of an article in a newspaper); carrying (e.g. a story); running (e.g. a serial); insertion (e.g. of an advertisement); printing; posting (e.g. on the web)​
軽視 (keishi): making light of; thinking little of; slighting; belittling; dismissing; contempt; disdain​
形式 (keishiki): form (as opposed to substance); formality​
計測 (keisoku): measuring; measurement​
携帯 (keitai): something carried (in the hand); handheld; portable​; mobile telephone; cell phone​ (abbreviation)
毛糸 (keito): knitting wool; woollen yarn​
系統 (keitou): system; lineage; ancestry; family line​; group (e.g. of colors) (colours); family (e.g. of languages); party; school (of thought)​
継続 (keizoku): continuation
謙虚 (kenkyo): modest; humble​
検索 (kensaku): looking up (e.g. a word in a dictionary); retrieval (e.g. data); searching for; referring to​
検診 (kenshin): physical examination; medical examination; health checkup; health screening​
研修 (kenshuu): training (esp. in-service); induction course​
研修会 (kenshuukai): workshop; training course​
謙遜 (kenson): modesty; humility; being humble​
決勝 (kesshou): decision of a contest; finals (in sports)​
決勝戦 (kesshousen): championship game; finals (of a tournament); deciding round​
桁 (keta): column; beam; girder; crossbeam; spar; yard​; digit; decade; order of magnitude​
決断 (ketsudan): decision; determination​
険しい (kewashii): precipitous; rugged; inaccessible; impregnable; steep​; grim; severe; stern​
削る (kezuru): to shave (wood, leather, etc.); to sharpen (e.g. pencil); to plane; to whittle; to pare; to scrape off; to erode​; to cut down (budget, expenses, staff, time, etc.); to curtail; to reduce​
気が重い (ki ga omoi): depressed; bummed out; down; heavy-hearted; heavy-spirited; feeling reluctant (to do)​
気が進まない (ki ga susumanai): reluctant to; not inclined to; disinclined; unwilling​
気を落とす (ki o otosu): to be discouraged; to be disheartened​
気を使う (ki o tsukau): to pay attention to another’s needs; to attend to; to fuss about; to take into consideration​
気を失う (ki o ushinau): to lose consciousness; to faint; to black out​
機敏 (kibin): clever; shrewd; canny; smart; quick; prompt​
規模 (kibo): scale; scope; plan; structure​
気分転換 (kibuntenkan): change of pace; change of mood; (mental) break (e.g. going for a walk); refreshment
きっちり: exactly; precisely; punctually; on the dot; closely; tightly; (fitting) perfectly​; properly; without fail​
気軽 (kigaru): carefree; buoyant; lighthearted; sprightly​
器具 (kigu): utensil; apparatus; implement; device; gadget​
期日 (kijitsu): fixed date; settlement date​
企画 (kikaku): planning; project; plan; design​
機器 (kiki): device; equipment; machinery; apparatus​
聞き手 (kikite): hearer; listener; audience; interviewer; questioner​
聞き取る (kikitoru): to catch (a person’s words); to make out; to follow; to understand​
気配り (kikubari): care; attentiveness; attention; consideration (for others); solicitude​
決め付ける (kimetsukeru): to fix upon (one-sidedly); to (ignore somebody’s position and) arbitrarily decide something is the case​
緊張感 (kinchoukan): feeling of tension; air of tension; tension; nervousness
金魚 (kingyo): goldfish
勤務 (kinmu): service; duty; work​
近年 (kinnen): recent years​
近隣 (kinrin): neighborhood; vicinity​
絹 (kinu): silk
金融 (kinyuu): finance; financing; credit transacting; loaning of money; circulation of money​
きっぱり: clearly; plainly; distinctly
気楽 (kiraku): carefree; comfortable; at ease​; easygoing; happy-go-lucky​
切り上げる (kiriageru): to close (at a certain point); to cut short; to stop early; to finish (at a convenient spot)​; to round up (number)​
切り取る (kiritoru): to cut off; to excise; to tear off; to cut out; to whittle down; to tear out; to cut down; to amputate​
帰省 (kisei): homecoming; returning home​
貴社 (kisha): your company​ (honorific)
気象 (kishou): weather; climate
機種 (kishu): type of equipment; model​
競う (kisou): to compete; to contend; to vie; to contest​
鍛える (kitaeru): to forge; to temper​; to drill; to train; to discipline​
規定 (kitei): stipulation; prescription; provision; regulation; rule​
刻み込む (kizamikomu): to etch (name, etc.); to carve (design)​
刻む (kizamu): to mince; to cut fine; to chop up; to hash; to shred​; to carve; to engrave; to chisel; to notch
傷物 (kizumono): defective article; damaged goods​
個別 (kobetsu): particular case; discrete; individual; separate
こだわり: obsession; fixation; hangup; determination; fastidiousness; pickiness about (trait, style, etc.)​; complaining; criticizing​​
拘る (kodawaru): to fuss over; to be particular about​
孤独 (kodoku): solitude; loneliness; isolation​
古風 (kofuu): old-fashioned; archaic; antique; antiquated​
小金 (kogane): small sum of money​
小柄 (kogara): small build; small stature; petite​
焦げる (kogeru): to burn; to scorch; to char; to singe​
個人差 (kojinsa): individual differences; personal equation​
個々 (koko): individual; one by one; separate​
心地良い (kokochiyoi): comfortable; pleasant​
試み (kokoromi): attempt; trial; experiment​; endeavour (endeavor); effort; venture; initiative​
心強い (kokorozuyoi): heartening; reassuring​
快い (kokoroyoi): pleasant; agreeable; comfortable; refreshing​
細やか (komayaka): tender; warm; caring; thoughtful​; meticulous; detailed; attentive​
小物 (komono): accessories; small articles​
根元/根本 (kongen): root; source; origin; foundation; base; principle​
根性 (konjou): willpower; guts; determination; grit; spirit​; character; nature; disposition; personality​
根気 (konki): patience; perseverance; persistence; tenacity; energy​
今年度 (konnendo): this year; this fiscal year; this school year​
好ましい (konomashii): nice; likeable; desirable​
この度 (konotabi): this occasion; at this time; now​
孤立 (koritsu): isolation; being alone; being friendless
個性 (kosei): individuality; personality; idiosyncrasy; character; individual characteristic
子育て (kosodate): child rearing; child raising; raising children; parenting
応える (kotaeru): to respond; to answer; to meet (e.g. demands, expectations)​
個体 (kotai): individual; specimen​
固定 (kotei): fixing (in place); securing; anchoring; fastening down​; fixing (e.g. salary, capital); keeping the same
古典 (koten): classic (work, esp. book); the classics​
言葉遣い (kotobazukai): speech; expression; wording; language
事柄 (kotogara): matter; thing; affair; circumstance​
こつこつ: unflaggingly; steadily; untiringly; laboriously​; knocking; tapping; clicking; drumming​
高 (kou): (prefix) high
好調 (kouchou): favorable; promising; satisfactory; in good shape​
高度 (koudo): altitude; height; elevation​; high-degree; high-grade; advanced; sophisticated; strong​
行動力 (koudouryoku): ability to take action; energy; fire; dynamism; leverage
公演 (kouen): public performance​
校外 (kougai): out-of-school; off-campus
公害 (kougai): pollution; public nuisance; contamination​
後半 (kouhan): second half; latter half​
高品質 (kouhinshitsu): high quality
好印象 (kouinshou): good impression; favorable impression​
向上 (koujou): elevation; rise; improvement; advancement; progress​
恒常 (koujou): constancy; permanence
公開 (koukai): opening to the public; making available to the public; putting on display; exhibiting; showing (play, movie, etc.); holding (interview, etc.); open; public​
好感 (koukan): good feeling; good will; favourable impression; favorable impression​
後期 (kouki): latter period; second half; late stage; third trimester; second semester
高級 (koukyuu): high class; high grade​; high rank; seniority​
交流会 (koukyuukai): gathering; mixer; meetup; assembly; social; exchange meeting​
項目 (koumoku): item; heading; category; clause​; headword (in a dictionary, encyclopedia, etc.); entry
高熱 (kounetsu): high fever​
光熱費 (kounetsuhi): cost of fuel and lighting; cost of heat and electricity; energy bill; utility cost​
好悪 (kouo): likes and dislikes​
高齢 (kourei): advanced age; old age​
高齢化 (koureika): population ageing (aging)​
高齢者 (koureisha): old person; old people​
小売 (kouri): retail
効率 (kouritsu): efficiency
公立 (kouritsu): public (institution)​
効力 (kouryoku): effect; efficacy; validity; potency​
工作 (kousaku): handicraft; work; construction; manufacturing​; maneuvering; manoeuvering​
考察 (kousatsu): consideration; inquiry; enquiry; investigation; study​
公正 (kousei): justice; fairness; impartiality​
光線 (kousen): beam; light ray
講師 (koushi): lecturer
更新 (koushin): renewal; update; innovation; improvement​
公衆 (koushuu): the public; general public​
高層 (kousou): multistory; multistoried; high-rise; high; tall​
香水 (kousui): perfume
交代 (koutai): alternation; change; relief; relay; shift; substitution (sports, etc.); taking turns​
肯定 (koutei): affirmation
紅葉 (kouyou): autumn colours; fall colors; leaves changing color
効用 (kouyou): use; utility; effect; benefit​
口座 (kouza): account (e.g. bank)​
講座 (kouza): course (e.g. of lectures)​; academic teaching unit; lectureship; professorial chair​
構造 (kouzou): structure; construction; makeup; framework; organization; pattern​
小遣い (kozukai): pocket money; spending money; pin money; allowance
怖がる (kowagaru): to be afraid of; to fear; to dread; to be nervous (about); to be shy (of)​
苦 (ku): pain; anguish; suffering; distress; anxiety; worry; trouble; difficulty; hardship
砕く (kudaku): to break, to smash
くどい: verbose; importunate; wordy; repetitious; long-winded; heavy (taste); rich; strong; cloying; gaudy; loud
区切り (kugiri): punctuation; pause; juncture​; end; (place to) stop​
苦情 (kujou): complaint; troubles; objection; grievance​
組み替える (kumikaeru): to rearrange (classes); to recompose; to reset; to recombine (genes)​
組み込む (kumikomu): to insert; to include; to incorporate; to cut in (printing)​
暗闇 (kurayami): darkness; the dark​
繰り返し (kurikaeshi): repetition; repeat; reiteration; iteration; refrain; cycle​; repeatedly
車椅子 (kurumaisu): wheelchair; folding push-chair
苦戦 (kusen): hard fight; close game; struggle; tight contest​
国々 (kuniguni): countries
くしゃみ: sneeze
くたくた: exhausted; tired; withered; worn out​
空洞 (kuudou): cave; hollow; cavity​
空間 (kuukan): space; room; airspace​
空席 (kuuseki): empty seat; unoccupied seat​; vacancy; vacant post​
空想 (kuusou): daydream; fantasy; fancy; vision
悔やむ (kuyamu): to mourn; to lament​; to be sorry; to regret; to repent​
崩す (kuzusu): to destroy; to demolish; to pull down; to tear down; to level​; to break (a bill); to change; to make change​
客観的 (kyakkanteki): objective
客席 (kyakuseki): guest seating (e.g. theater, stadium); passenger seat (e.g. taxi)​; audience
拒否 (kyohi): refusal; rejection; denial; veto​
曲線 (kyokusen): curve
極端 (kyokutan): extreme; extremity​
強風 (kyoufuu): strong wind; high wind; moderate gale​
教員 (kyouin): teacher; instructor; teaching staff; faculty member​
強弱 (kyoujaku): strength and weakness; (degree of) strength​; stress (of a sound); loudness​
強化 (kyouka): strengthening; intensifying; reinforcement; enhancement; solidification​
協会 (kyoukai): association; society; organization; organisation​
教師 (kyoushi): teacher (classroom)​
恐縮 (kyoushuku): feeling obliged; being grateful; being thankful; being sorry; being ashamed​
教養 (kyouyou): cultivation; refinement; culture; education​
共有 (kyouyuu): joint ownership; co-ownership; sharing (e.g. a viewpoint)​
旧  (kyuu): ex-; former; old​
休暇明け (kyuukaake): post-vacation
急病 (kyuubyou): sudden illness​
休業 (kyuugyou): closed (e.g. store); business suspended; shutdown; holiday​
求人 (kyuujin): recruiting; job offer; job vacancy​
休養 (kyuuyou): rest; break; recreation; recuperation; convalescence​
急増 (kyuuzou): rapid increase; proliferation; surge; explosion​
町並み (machinami): townscape; street (of stores and houses); (look of) stores and houses on street​
まぶた: eyelid; eyelids​
間近 (madjika): proximity; nearness; soon; nearby​
窓際 (madogiwa): (at the) window​
窓口 (madoguchi): ticket window; teller window; counter​; contact person; point of contact​
魔法 (mahou): magic; witchcraft; sorcery​
前向き (maemuki): front-facing; forward-looking; positive; constructive
間際 (magiwa): the point just before; the point of doing; the verge of happening​
巻き込む (makikomu): to roll up; to enfold; to swallow up​; to involve; to drag into​
まく: to scatter; to sprinkle; to strew​
真似る (maneru): to mimic; to imitate​
満員 (man’in): full house; no vacancy; sold out; standing room only; full (of people); crowded​
満足度 (manzokudo): (degree of) satisfaction​
稀 (mare): rare, seldom
真っ先 (massaki): the head; the foremost; beginning; the very front​
真っ白 (masshiro): pure white​
まとめる: to collect; to put (it all) together; to integrate; to consolidate; to unify​; to summarize; to aggregate​; to bring to a conclusion; to finalize; to settle; to put in order
目 (me): (suffix) ordinal number suffix​
目に触れる (me ni fureru)
目新しい (meatarashii): original; novel; new​
目当て (meate): mark; guide; landmark​; purpose; aim; goal; intention; end
目立つ (medatsu): to be conspicuous; to stand out​
恵み (megumi): blessing; grace​
恵む (megumu): to bless; to show mercy to​; to give (money, etc.)​
名簿 (meibo): register of names; list of names; roll; register; roster
名物 (meibutsu): famous product; special product; speciality; specialty
名産 (meisan): noted product; local specialty
名刺 (meishi): business card​
明示 (meiji): elucidation; explicit statement; specification​
明確 (meikaku): clear; precise; definite; distinct​
名門 (meimon): noted family; noble family​; prestigious school, organization, business, etc.
明瞭 (meiryou): clear; plain; distinct; obvious; evident; articulate
名所 (meisho): famous place
目印 (mejirushi): mark; sign; landmark; benchmark​
面会 (menkai): meeting (face-to-face); interview​
面する (mensuru): to face on; to look out on to​
目線 (mesen): one’s gaze​; point of view; standpoint​
目覚める (mezameru): to wake up; to awake​; to awaken to (instinct, ability, perception, etc.); to become aware of; to become conscious of; to realize​; to come to one’s senses​
未 (mi): (prefix) not yet; un-​
見合う (miau): to exchange glances​; to correspond; to counterbalance​
身振り手振り (miburiteburi): gestures; gesturing​
密着 (micchaku): close adhesion; sticking firmly to; being glued to​
道案内 (michiannai): guidance; showing the way; guide​; guidepost; signpost; waymark​
導く (michibiku): to guide; to lead; to show the way; to conduct​
道のり (michinori): distance; journey; itinerary​; path (e.g. to one’s goal); way; process; route; road​
乱れる (midareru): to be disordered; to be disarranged; to be disarrayed; to be disheveled; to be dishevelled​
見出し (midashi): heading; headline; title; caption​
見張る (miharu): to stand watch; to stand guard; to look out
見直す (minaosu): to look at again​; to re-examine; to get a better opinion of; to see in a more positive light​
見慣れる (minareru): to become used to seeing; to be familiar with​
民家 (minka): private house​
見逃す (minogasu): to miss; to overlook; to fail to notice​; to let pass (a matter); to overlook (e.g. a wrongdoing); to turn a blind eye to​
身の回り (mi no mawari): one’s personal belongings; one’s vicinity; one’s daily life; everyday necessities​
民族 (minzoku): people; race; nation; ethnic group; ethnos​
密閉 (mippei): shutting tightly; sealing something airtight​
密接 (missetsu): close (relationship, connection, etc.); intimate; near​; close (together)​
満たす (mitasu): to satisfy (conditions, one’s appetite, etc.); to meet (e.g. demands); to fulfill; to gratify​
見通し (mitooshi): unobstructed view; perspective; visibility; vista​; forecast; outlook; prospect; prediction​; insight; foresight​
見積書 (mitsumorisho): written estimate; quotation; quote​
見積もる (mitsumoru): to estimate​
見分ける (miwakeru): to distinguish; to recognize; to recognise; to tell apart; to differentiate (both figuratively and visually)​
見渡す (miwatasu): to look out over; to survey (scene); to take an extensive view of​
溝 (mizo): ditch; drain; gutter; trench​; groove; tread​; gap (between people, countries, etc.); gulf​
持ち出す (mochidasu): to take out; to carry out; to bring out from where it belongs​; to mention something; to broach a topic; to bring up (a subject)
持ち込む (mochikomu): to take something into …; to bring in; to carry in​
持ち主 (mochinushi): owner; proprietor; possessor (e.g. of talent, beauty, etc.)​
潜る (moguru): to dive (into or under water)​; to get under; to get into; to get in; to creep into; to crawl under; to bury oneself; to burrow into; to dig oneself into; to snuggle under​
模範 (mohan): exemplar; model; example; pattern​
模型 (mokei): model; dummy; maquette​
木製 (mokusei): wooden; made of wood​
目的地 (mokutekichi): place of destination​
木材 (mokuzai): lumber; timber; wood​
問題点 (mondaiten): the problem (at issue); the point at issue; problematic issue; problem
物真似 (monomane): mimicry; imitation (of someone, something)​
物足りない (monotarinai): unsatisfied; unsatisfactory; insufficient​
盛り上がる (moriagaru): to swell; to rise; to bulge; to be piled up​; to rouse; to get excited​
もったいない: wasteful; a waste​; impious; profane; sacrilegious​; too good; more than one deserves; unworthy of​
猛 (mou): (prefix): extreme; severe​
催し (moyooshi): event; festivities; function; social gathering; auspices; opening; holding (a meeting)​
最寄り (moyori): nearest; neighboring; nearby​
無 (mu/bu): (prefix) un-; non-​
無縁 (muen): unrelated; irrelevant; indifferent​; without relations (esp. of a deceased person); having no surviving relatives​cho
無限 (mugen): infinity; infinitude; eternity​; infinite; limitless​
無意識 (muishiki): unconsciousness; unconscious; involuntary; automatic; mechanical; unintentional; spontaneous​
無条件 (mujouken): unconditional
矛盾 (mujun): contradiction; inconsistency​
無関係 (mukankei): unrelated
無関心 (mukanshin): apathetic; indifferent​
昔話 (mukashibanashi): old tale; folk tale; legend​; reminiscence
むかつく: to feel irritated; to feel offended; to feel angry​; to feel sick; to feel nauseous
向き合う (mukiau): to be opposite; to face each other​; to confront (an issue); to face​
無口 (mukuchi): taciturn; reticent; quiet; silent; untalkative​
無給 (mukyuu): unpaid; nonsalaried​
無線 (musen): radio (communication)​; wireless; not using wires
蒸し暑い (mushiatsui): humid; sultry​
結びつく (musubitsuku): to be related; to be connected; to be joined together​; to result in; to lead to; to bring about​
無数 (musuu): innumerable; countless; numberless​
傾らか (nadaraka): gently sloping; gentle; easy​; smooth
長続き (nagatsuzuki): lasting long; continuation; keeping at (something); sticking to (something)​
嘆く (nageku): to lament; to grieve; to regret​; to deplore​
和やか (nagoyaka): mild; calm; gentle; quiet; congenial; amicable; amiable; friendly; genial; harmonious; peaceful​
内 (nai): (suffix) inside; within
内部 (naibu): interior; inside; internal​
内包 (naihou): connotation; comprehension; intension​; inclusion; containment within​
内線 (naisen): phone extension; indoor wiring; inner line​
中庭 (nakaniwa): courtyard; quadrangle; middle court​
生中継 (namachuukei): live broadcast (radio, TV); live coverage​
滑らか (nameraka): smooth (of a surface); glassy; velvety; soft​
何度も (nandomo): many times over; often​
軟弱 (nanjaku): weakness
何らか (nanraka): some; any; in any way; of some kind; of some sort​
慣れ (nare): practice; practising; experience​
成り立つ (naritatsu): to consist of; to be made up of; to be composed of​; to be concluded
成し遂げる (nashitogeru): to accomplish; to finish; to fulfill​
悩み (nayami): trouble; troubles; worry; distress; sorrows; anguish; agony; problem​
名づける (nazukeru): to name; to call; to christen; to term​
値上がり (neagari): price advance; increase in value​
値引き (nebiki): price reduction; discount​
根っこ (nekko): root (of a plant)​; stump (of a tree)​; root (of a problem, etc.); base; foundation; origin; source​
寝転がる (nekorogaru): to lie down; to throw oneself down
年度 (nendo): fiscal year (usu. April 1 to March 31 in Japan); financial year​; academic year; school year​
年金 (nenkin): annuity; pension​
年内 (nennai): by the end of the year​
狙う (nerau): to aim at​; to be after (something); to have an eye on​
熱する (nessuru): to heat up; to heat
根強い (nezuyoi): firmly rooted; deep-seated​
鈍い (nibui): dull (e.g. a knife); blunt​; thickheaded; obtuse; stupid​
日用品 (nichiyouhin): daily necessities​
濁る (nigoru): to become muddy; to become cloudy; to get impure (of a liquid, gas, etc.)​
日課 (nikka): daily lesson; daily work; daily routine​
憎い (nikui): hateful; abominable; poor-looking; detestable​
憎しみ (nikushimi): hatred
認識 (ninshiki): recognition; awareness; perception; understanding; knowledge; cognition; cognizance; cognisance​
偽物 (nisemono): spurious article; forgery; counterfeit; imitation; sham
日数 (nissuu): a number of days​
荷造り (nizukuri): packing; baling; crating​
乗り越える (norikoeru): to climb over; to get over; to ride across​; to overcome; to surpass; to overtake​
乗り継ぐ (noritsugu): to connect (with a different flight, train, etc.); to make a connection; to change (planes, trains, etc.)​
農園 (nouen): plantation
納品 (nouhin): delivery of goods​
濃厚 (nouko): rich (in flavor, color, smell, etc.); thick; dense; strong
能率 (nouritsu): efficiency
農作物 (nousakubutsu): crops; agricultural produce​
農薬 (nouyaku): agricultural chemical (i.e. pesticide, herbicide, fungicide, etc.); agrochemical; agrichemical​
覗く (nozoku): to peek (through a keyhole, gap, etc.)​; to sneak a look at; to take a quick look at​r
入会 (nyuukai): admission; joining; enrollment; enrolment​
入会金 (nyuukaikin): initiation fee; admission fee​
入金 (nyuukin): deposit; payment; money received; money due​
入居 (nyuukyo): moving into (house)​
入居者 (nyuukyosha): tenant (esp. residential tenant in apartment block); occupant; inhabitant; inmate​
入門 (nyuumon): entering an institution; beginning training​; primer; manual; introduction (to)​
乳製品 (nyuuseihin): dairy products​
覚え書き (oboegaki): memo; memorandum; note​
落ち込む (ochikomu): to feel down; to feel sad; to be depressed; to be in low spirits​; to be in a slump (business, economy, etc.); to be in an unfavourable condition​
驚き (odoroki): surprise; astonishment; wonder; amazement​
補う (oginau): to compensate for; to supplement​
追い返す (oikaesu): to drive away; to turn away; to send away; to repel; to repulse​
追い求める (oimotomeru): to pursue​
追い越す (oikosu): to pass (e.g. car); to overtake​; to surpass; to outstrip; to get ahead of; to outdistance​
追い抜く (oinuku): to pass (a car); to overtake; to surpass; to outstrip; to outdistance; to outsail
おかしな: ridiculous; odd
臆病 (okubyou): cowardly; timid; easily frightened​
屋外 (okugai): outdoors; alfresco​
遅れ (okure): delay; lag; postponement; falling behind​
奥底 (okusoko): depths; bottom (of one’s heart)​
思いがけない (omoigakenai): unexpected; contrary to expectations; by chance; casual​
思い返す (omoikaesu): to re-think; to think back upon; to change one’s mind
思い切り (omoikiri): with all one’s strength; with all one’s heart; to the utmost​; resolution; decisiveness​
思い込み (omoikomi): wrong impression; subjective impression; assumption; prejudice​
思い立つ (omoitatsu): to set one’s mind on doing; to get the idea of doing; to make up one’s mind​
思いつき (omoitsuki): plan; idea; suggestion​
思いつく (omoitsuku): to think of; to hit upon; to come into one’s mind; to be struck with an idea​; to remember; to recall​
思い浮かぶ (omoiukabu): to occur to; to remind of; to come to mind​
重苦しい (omokurushii): heavy; gloomy; awkward; cumbrous; oppressive; leaden​
重み (omomi): weight
お似合い (oniai): well-matched (esp. of a couple); becoming; suitable​
恩恵 (onkei): grace; favor; favour; blessing; benefit​
温厚 (onkou): gentle; mild-mannered​
音量 (onryou): volume (sound)​
大通り (oodoori): main street
大げさ (oogesa): grandiose; exaggerated​
大声 (oogoe): loud voice
大幅 (oohaba): big; large; drastic; substantial​
多く (ooku): many; much; largely; abundantly; mostly​
多目に (oome ni): plenty; lots
大手 (oote): major company; big company​
折り返し (orikaeshi): by return; (call or write back) without delay​
折り畳む (oritatamu): to fold up; to fold into layers​
収まる (osamaru): to fit into (a box, frame, category, etc.); to be contained within; to fall within (e.g. a budget)​
納める (osameru): to dedicate; to make an offering; to pay (fees)​
おしゃれ: smartly dressed; stylish; fashion-conscious​; someone smartly dressed​; to dress up; to be fashionable
惜しい (oshii): regrettable; disappointing; unfortunate​; precious; dear; valuable​
押し付ける (oshitsukeru): to press; to push; to force​; to foist on (task, responsibility); to impose (one’s will)​
教わる (osowaru): to be taught (by); to learn from​
お勧め (osusume): recommendation; advice; suggestion; encouragement​
お手本 (otehon): example; role model
お手数 (otesuu): trouble; bother​
お得 (otoku): economical; bargain; good value; good-value​
大人しい (otonashii): obedient; docile; quiet​
訪れる (otozureru): to visit; to call on​; to arrive; to come; to appear​
欧米 (oubei): Europe and America; the West​
応募者 (oubosha): applicant
応答 (outou): reply; answer; response​
親子 (oyako): parent and child​
および: and; as well as​
来日 (rainichi): arrival in Japan; coming to Japan; visit to Japan​
来学期 (raigakki): next semester
来場 (raijou): attendance
来場者 (raijousha): those attending​
来年度 (rainendo): next year; next fiscal year​
来店 (raiten): coming to a store (restaurant, bar, shop, etc.)​
来店者 (raitensha): visitor (to a shop or restaurant); customer (visiting a store or restaurant); patron​
楽観 (rakkan): optimism; taking an optimistic view​
欄 (ran): section (e.g. in a newspaper); column; page​; field (in a form, web page, etc.); blank​
乱暴 (ranbou): violence; assault; running riot​; rough (e.g. handling); reckless; careless; coarse; rude; unreasonable (e.g. demand); wild (e.g. argument)​
冷房 (reibou): cooling; air-conditioning​
例外 (reigai): exception
礼儀作法 (reigisahou): etiquette; courtesy​
冷水 (reisui): cold water​
恋愛 (ren’ai): love; love-making; passion; emotion; affections​
連休 (renkyuu): consecutive holidays​
理解力 (rikairyoku): (power of) understanding; comprehensive faculty​
理系 (rikei): science
陸上 (rikujou): (on) land; ground; shore
裏面 (rimen): back; reverse; other side; inside; tails (of coins); background​
臨時 (rinji): temporary; provisional; interim​; special; extraordinary; extra​
履歴書 (rirekisho): personal history; curriculum vitae; resume​
立食 (risshoku): stand-up meal; buffet​
利点 (riten): advantage; point in favor
論戦 (ronsen): verbal dispute​
労働力 (roudouryoku): labor; manpower; working force​
略す (ryakusu): to abbreviate; to omit; to abbreviate; to omit
力 (ryoku): (suffix) strength; power; proficiency; ability​
寮 (ryou): hostel; dormitory​
領域 (ryouiki): area; domain; territory; field; range; region; regime​
了解 (ryoukai): comprehension; consent; understanding; agreement​
緑茶 (ryokucha): green tea; Japanese tea​
両面 (ryoumen): both sides; two sides; double-sided​
両者 (ryousha): pair; the two; both persons; both things​
了承 (ryoushou): acknowledgement; acknowledgment; understanding (e.g. “please be understanding of the mess during our renovation”); noting; acceptance
両端 (ryoutan): both ends; either end; both edges​; double-mindedness; sitting on the fence​
流  (ryuu): (suffix) fashion; way; style; manner​; class; rank; rate​
定める (sadameru): to decide; to determine​; to establish; to lay down; to prescribe; to provide; to stipulate​; to bring peace (to); to make peaceful​
探る (saguru): to feel around for; to fumble for; to grope for; to search for; to look for​; to investigate; to probe into; to spy on; to sound out​
再 (sai): (prefix) re-; again; repeated; deutero-; deuto-; deuter-​
最悪 (saiaku): worst; horrible; horrid; awful; terrible​
栽培 (saibai): cultivation
最大 (saidai): biggest; greatest; largest; maximum
再度 (saido): twice; again; second time​
災害 (saigai): calamity; disaster; misfortune​
再発 (saihatsu): return; relapse; reoccurrence​
再開 (saikai): reopening; resumption; restarting​
細菌 (saikin): bacterium; bacteria; germ​
最高齢 (saikourei): oldest; most advanced age​
再生 (saisei): resuscitation; regeneration; restoration to life​; reformation; rehabilitation​; playback; regeneration (sound, etc.); view (of a video clip)​
最新 (saishin): latest; newest; late-breaking (news)​
最小限 (saishougen): minimum; lowest​
採集 (saishuu): collecting; gathering​
最終日 (saishuubi): last day; final day
最速 (saisoku): fastest
催促 (saisoku): pressing; urging; demanding; demand​
最低限 (saiteigen): minimum; at the very least​
最適 (saiteki): most suitable; optimum; optimal; best​
採用 (saiyou): use; adoption; acceptance​; appointment; employment; engagement; recruitment​
坂道 (sakamichi): hill road
遡る (sakanoboru): to go upstream; to go back (in time, to origin); to date back to; to trace back to; to make retroactive
先々 (sakizaki): distant future; inevitable future​; places one goes to​
早急 (sakkyuu): immediate; prompt; quick; rapid; urgent; pressing​
作成 (sakusei): drawing up (e.g. legal document, contract, will, etc.); preparing; writing; framing; making; producing; creating; creation
妨げる (samatageru): to disturb; to prevent; to obstruct; to hinder​
山頂 (sanchou): summit (of a mountain)​
参観 (sankan): visit; inspection​
参照 (sanshou): reference; bibliographical reference; consultation; browsing (e.g. when selecting a file to upload on a computer); checking out​
皿洗い (saraarai): washing-up; dish-washing​
さらさら: rustling; murmuring; fluently; silky; smooth and dry; free-flowing​
猿真似 (sarumane): indiscriminate imitation; monkey see, monkey do; blind follower
細やか (sasayaka): meagre; meager; modest
ささやく: to whisper; to murmur​​
差し出す (sashidasu): to present; to submit; to tender; to hold out​
差し引く (sashihiku): to deduct; to take away; to dock​; to make allowances for something; to bear something in mind
差し支える (sashitsukaeru): to interfere; to hinder; to become impeded​
さっさ: promptly; immediately; quickly; without delay​
早速 (sassoku): at once; immediately; without delay; promptly​
撮影 (satsuei): photography (still or motion); photographing; filming; shooting; (video) recording​
刺す (sasu): to pierce; to stab; to prick; to stick; to thrust​; to sting; to bite
さわやか: fresh; refreshing; invigorating​
狭める (sebameru): to narrow; to reduce; to contract​
接着 (secchaku): adhesion; glueing; gluing; bonding; binding; adhering; fastening​
設置 (secchi): establishment; institution​; installation (of a machine or equipment)​
制 (sei): (suffix) system; organization; organisation; imperial command; laws; regulation; control; government; suppression; restraint; holding back; establishment​
整備 (seibi): maintenance; servicing​; putting in place; establishment; development; preparation; provision; outfitting​
成分 (seibun): ingredient; component; composition​
声援 (seien): (shout of) encouragement; cheering; rooting; support​
精一杯 (seiippai): the best one can do; one’s best effort​; with all one’s might; to the best of one’s ability​
成果 (seika)​: (good) result; outcome; fruits (of one’s labors); product; accomplishment​
生計 (seikei): livelihood; living​
正門 (seimon): main gate; main entrance​
製作 (seisaku): manufacture; production​
制作 (seisaku): work (film, book)​; production; creation; turning (something) out; development​
政策 (seisaku): political measures; policy​
清算 (seisan): settlement (financial); squaring accounts; clearing debts​; liquidation; ending (a relationship); breaking up (with); burying (the past); redeeming (one’s faults)​
精神力 (seishinryoku): emotional strength; force of will​
性質 (seishitsu): nature; property; disposition​
清掃 (seisou): cleaning; clean-up; garbage collection; scavenging​
生得的 (seitokuteki): innate; inherent; natural; inborn​
生命力 (seimeiryoku): vitality; (one’s) life force​
性能 (seinou): ability; performance; efficiency​
成立 (seiritsu): formation; establishment; materialization; coming into existence​; conclusion (e.g. of a deal); approval; completion; arrangement​
生産者 (seisansha): manufacturer; producer​
政党 (seitou): political party​
設計者 (sekkeisha): designer
設計図 (sekkeizu): plan; blueprint​
説教 (sekkyou): remonstration; scolding; lecturing​
選抜 (senbatsu): selection; choice; picking out​
選別 (senbetsu): selection; classification; sorting; screening; triage​
先着 (senchaku): arriving first​
戦後 (sengo): postwar period; period after Second World War​
専業主婦 (sengyoushufu): housewife
選考 (senkou): selection; screening​
選挙 (senkyo): election
鮮明 (senmei): vivid; clear; distinct​
専門書 (senmonsho): technical book; specialized book; treatise​
専門店 (senmonten): specialist shop; shop specializing in a few types of product​
専念 (sennen): absorption; giving undivided attention; devoting oneself (to)​
洗練 (senren): polish; refinement​
線路 (senro): railway track; railway line; railroad; railway; track; line
戦略 (senryaku): strategy; tactics​
先先週 (sensenshuu): week before last​
洗濯機 (sentakuki): washing machine (laundry)​
洗剤 (senzai): detergent; cleanser; cleaning agent; washing material​
接する (sessuru): to touch; to come in contact with; to border on; to adjoin; to be adjacent; to be close​; to receive (e.g. visitor); to attend to; to serve; to take care of; to look after; to deal with; to see​
選出 (senshutsu): election; selection; choice​
選択肢 (sentakushi): choices; alternatives; options​
先端 (sentan): pointed end; tip; point; forefront; vanguard; spearhead; leading edge​
接続 (setsuzoku): connection; attachment; union; join; joint; link
専用 (sen’you): exclusive use; personal use; dedicated​
専属 (senzoku): exclusive; attached to; specialist​
背負う (seou): to carry on one’s back​; to be burdened with; to take responsibility for​
設定 (settei): establishment; creation; posing (a problem); setting (movie, novel, etc.); scene​; options setting; preference settings; configuration; setup
説得力 (settokuryoku): persuasiveness; powers of persuasion; cogency​
節電 (setsuden): conservation of electricity; brownout​
車内 (shanai): inside a train, car, etc.​
社内 (shanai): within a company; in-house​
車両 (sharyou): rolling stock; railroad cars; wheeled vehicles​
写生 (shasei): sketching; drawing from nature; portrayal; description​
写真家 (shashinka): photographer
車窓 (shasou): train window; car window​
仕上げる (shiageru): to finish up; to complete; to finish off; to get through; to polish off​
痺れる (shibireru): to become numb; to go to sleep (e.g. a limb)​; to get an electric shock; to tingle (from an electric shock)​; to be excited; to be titillated; to be mesmerized; to be enthralled
絞る (shiboru): to wring (towel, rag); to squeeze; to press; to extract; to milk; to extort; to exploit​
志望 (shibou): wish; desire; ambition​
脂肪 (shibou): fat; grease; blubber; lard; suet​
渋い (shibui): astringent; bitter; puckery; rough; harsh; tart​; austere; elegant (and unobtrusive); refined; quiet (and simple); sober; sombre; subdued; tasteful (in a quiet way); understated​; sour (look); glum; grim; sullen; sulky​
試着 (shichaku): trying on clothes​
市長 (shichou): mayor
支援 (shien): support; backing; aid; assistance​
志願 (shigan): aspiration; volunteering; desire; application​
志願者 (shigansha): applicant; candidate
仕草 (shigusa): gesture; movement; action; behavior; behaviour; bearing; mannerism​
指標 (shihyou): index; indices; indicator​
支持 (shiji): support; backing; endorsement; approval​
司会 (shikai): leading a meeting; presiding over a meeting; officiating at a ceremony; chairmanship​; chairman; presenter; host; moderator; master of ceremonies
視界 (shikai): field of vision; visibility; view; visual field; (one’s) ken​
資格 (shikaku): qualifications; requirements; capabilities​
視覚 (shikaku): sense of sight; vision​
思考 (shikou): thought; consideration; thinking​
思考力 (shikouryoku): ability to think​
試行錯誤 (shikousakugo): trial and error
仕組み (shikumi): structure; construction; arrangement; contrivance; mechanism; workings​; plan; plot; contrivance​
至急 (shikyuu): urgent; pressing; immediate; prompt; express​; urgently; promptly; at once; right away; without delay; as soon as possible​
氏名 (shimei): full name; identity​
使命 (shimei): mission; errand​; task; duty; obligation​
締め切る (shimekiru): to close up​; to shut up (e.g. behind doors)​; to cut off (e.g. because a deadline has expired); to close off (e.g. subscription list)​
湿っぽい (shimeppoi): damp; humid; wet​; gloomy; melancholy​
湿る (shimeru): to become damp; to become moist; to become wet​
染み付く (shimitsuku): to be indelibly stained or ingrained; to be dyed in deeply​
芯 (shin): wick; marrow; staple (for stapler); (pencil) lead; stuffing; pith​; core; heart; centre; center
新 (shin): (prefix) new; neo-​
新築 (shinchiku): new building; new construction​
振動 (shindou): oscillation; vibration; swing (e.g. of a pendulum)​
進化 (shinka): evolution; progress​
進行 (shinkou): moving forward (e.g. vehicle); onward movement​; advance (work, procedure, etc.); advancement; progress​
真の (shinno): true; real; genuine; proper; utter​
進入 (shinnyuu): entry; approach; penetration​
新設 (shinsetsu): establishing; founding; setting up; organizing; establishment​
進出 (shinshutsu): advance; stepping forward; emerging
深夜 (shin’ya): late at night​
信頼性 (shinraisei): credibility; authenticity; confidence; reliability​
素人 (shirouto): amateur; layman; ordinary person; novice
視力 (shiryoku): eyesight
新品 (shinpin): (brand-)new article​
申請 (shinsei): application; request; petition​
申請書 (shinseisho): written application​
視察 (shisatsu): inspection; observation​
施設 (shisetsu): institution; establishment; facility​
質素 (shisso): simple; plain​; modest; frugal; reserved​
下書き (shitagaki): draft; rough copy​
親しむ (shitashimu): to be intimate with; to befriend​
しわ: wrinkle; crease​; ripple
自然界 (shizenkai): nature; the natural world; realm of nature​
沈める (shizumeru): to sink; to submerge​; to floor (an opponent)​
諸 (sho): various; many; several​
初夏 (shoka): early summer
初回 (shokai): first time; first innings; initial attempt​
初期 (shoki): early (days); initial stage​; initial
食器類 (shokkirui): dinnerware; cutlery​
食 (shoku): (counter) meal
食費 (shokuhi): food expense​
職員 (shokuin): staff member; personnel​
職人 (shokunin): craftsman; artisan; tradesman; worker; workman​
食生活 (shokuseikatsu): eating habits​
初心者 (shoshinsha): beginner
初対面 (shotaimen)
書店 (shoten): bookshop; bookstore​
象徴 (shouchou): (abstract) symbol; emblem; representation
商業 (shougyou): commerce; trade; business​
勝敗 (shouhai): victory or defeat; issue (of battle); outcome​
賞品 (shouhin): prize; trophy
消費者 (shouhisha): consumer
生じる (shoujiru): to produce; to yield; to cause​; to result from; to arise; to be generated​
消化 (shouka): digestion (of food)​; digestion (of information); assimilation; thorough understanding​; consumption; absorption; using up; meeting (e.g. a quota); completion​
消極的 (shoukyokuteki): negative; passive; half-hearted; unmotivated​
照明 (shoumei): illumination; lighting​
正面 (shoumen): front; frontage; facade; main​
消耗 (shoumou): exhaustion; consumption; using up; dissipation; waste
小児科 (shounika): pediatrics
省略 (shouryaku): omission; abbreviation; abridgment; abridgement
詳細 (shousai): details; particulars; specifics​; detailed; specific; minute
少子化 (shoushika): declining birth rates; decrease in the number of children​
消失 (shoushitsu): dying out; disappearance; vanishing; elimination; loss; absence​
少数 (shousuu): minority; few​
焦点 (shouten): focus (e.g. photographic); focal point​
商店街 (shoutengai): shopping district; shopping street; downtown​
所有 (shoyuu): one’s possessions; ownership​
所属 (shozoku): belonging to (a group, organization, etc.); affiliation (with); being attached to; being under the control of​
主人公 (shujinkou): protagonist; main character; hero(ine) (of a story)​
主観 (shukan): subjectivity; subject (philosophical); ego​; one’s personal opinion; one’s own idea​
宿泊先 (shukuhakusaki): lodging place
祝日 (shukujitsu): national holiday; public holiday​
出版社 (shuppansha): publisher; publishing house; publishing company​
出発点 (shuppatsuten): starting point; point of departure​
主力 (shuryoku): main force; chief object; mainline​
主催 (shusai): sponsorship (i.e. conducting under one’s auspices); promotion; organizing; organising; hosting; staging​
出世 (shusse): success in life; getting ahead; successful career; promotion; climbing the corporate ladder; eminence​
出社 (shussha): going to work (e.g. in the morning); coming to work​
出身地 (shusshinchi): birthplace; native place​
出席者 (shussekisha): those present; attendance​
主体 (shutai): main constituent; core; nucleus​; subject (philosophical); protagonist​
取得 (shutoku): acquisition; obtaining; gaining possession; purchase​
出演 (shutsuen): performance; appearance (in a stage, film, TV show, etc.)​
出演者 (shutsuensha): performer; entertainer; actor​
集 (shuu): (suffix) collection; compilation​
修学旅行 (shuugakuryokou): excursion; field trip; school trip​
修業 (shuugyou): pursuit of knowledge; studying; learning; training; completing a course​
周辺 (shuuhen): circumference; outskirts; environs; around; in the area of; in the vicinity of​
周年 (shuunen): whole year; entire year​; -th year anniversary​
収納 (shuunou): storage; putting or stowing away​
秀才 (shuusai): bright person; talented student; prodigy​
就職活動 (shuushokukatsudou): job hunting; job searching​
収集 (shuushuu): collecting; accumulating; gathering​; collection (of art, stamps, insects, etc.)​
習得 (shuutoku): learning; acquisition (of a skill, knowledge, etc.)​
取材 (shuzai): news coverage; collecting data (e.g. for an article); covering (something for media)​
率直 (socchoku): frank; candid; straightforward; openhearted; direct; outspoken​
添える (soeru): to garnish; to accompany (as a card does a gift)​; to add to as support; to prop up​
側面 (sokumen): side; flank; profile; sidelight; lateral​; aspect; dimension​
速達 (sokutatsu): express; special delivery​
測定 (sokutei): measurement
即座に (sokuza): immediately; right away; on the spot​
染まる (somaru): to be dyed​; to be tainted; to be infected; to be stained; to be steeped​
そもそも: in the first place; to begin with; from the start; originally; ab initio
揃える (soroeru): to collect; to gather; to get together; to complete (a collection)​; to arrange; to put in order; to prepare; to get ready​
揃う (sorou): to be complete; to be all present; to make a full set; to be satisfied (of conditions)​; to gather; to assemble; to be collected​
そそっかしい: careless; thoughtless; hasty; rash​
素質 (soshitsu): character; qualities; genius; the makings of​
外側 (sotogawa): exterior; outside; outer; external; lateral​
添う (sou): to meet (wishes, expectations, etc.); to satisfy; to comply with; to live up to
沿う (sou): to run along; to run beside; to stick to (a line)​; to follow (a policy, plan, etc.); to act in accordance with; to align with​
総 (sou): (prefix): whole; all; general; gross; entire; overall​
送付 (soufu): sending (esp. email attachments); forwarding; remitting​
総額 (sougaku): sum total; total amount​
相互 (sougo): mutual; reciprocal​
総合 (sougou): synthesis; coordination; putting together; integration; composite​; comprehensive
相違 (soui): difference; discrepancy; variation​
倉庫 (souko): storehouse; warehouse; godown​
送客 (soukyaku): sending customers (somebody’s way)​
総務 (soumu): general affairs; general business; manager; director; adjutant general​
相応 (souou): suitable; appropriate; befitting; becoming; adequate; reasonable; proper​
創立 (souritsu): establishment; founding; organization; organisation​
送料 (souryou): postage; carriage; shipping charge​
創作 (sousaku): creation; production; creative work (novel, film, etc.); original work; (creative) writing​; fabrication; fiction; invention​
送信 (soushin): transmission; sending​
総数 (sousuu): total (number); count​
相対的 (soutaiteki): relative
そうとう: corresponding to (in meaning, function, etc.); being equivalent to​; appropriate; suitable; befitting; proportionate​
創造 (souzou): creation
騒々しい (souzoushii): noisy; loud; boisterous; clamorous; raucous​; turbulent; unsettled; restless​
素材 (sozai): ingredient; (raw) material; resource​; unprocessed timber; raw timber​
据える (sueru): to place (in position); to fix; to set (e.g. table); to lay (foundation)​; to install; to seat (someone); to settle (upon something); to fix (e.g. one’s gaze)​
水分 (suibun): water; liquid; fluid; moisture; humidity; sap; juice​
垂直 (suichoku): vertical
水平 (suihei): horizontal; level; even​
水面 (suimen): water’s surface​
推薦書 (suisensho): recommendation; nomination​
吸い取る (suitoru): to absorb; to squeeze (money)​
好き嫌い (sukikirai): likes and dislikes; pickiness (about food); choosiness; fussiness; tastes; preferences​
すっきり: refreshingly; with a feeling of relief; pleasantly; (a weight) off one’s shoulder​; shapely; neatly; cleanly; without trouble​
住まい (sumai): dwelling; house; residence; address​
済ます (sumasu): to finish; to get it over with; to conclude​; to settle; to pay back​
隅々 (sumizumi): nooks; corners​
素直 (sunao): obedient; meek; docile; unaffected​; honest; frank; upfront (about one’s feelings)​
すらすら: smoothly; easily; readily
数値 (suuchi): numerical value; numerics​; reading (on a meter, etc.)​
数分 (suufun): several minutes; a few minutes​
数量 (suuryou): quantity; volume; amount​
多 (ta): (prefix): multi-
束ねる (tabaneru): to tie up in a bundle (e.g. straw, hair, bills, letters); to bundle; to sheathe​; to govern; to manage; to control; to administer​
旅先 (tabisaki): destination; goal (of travel); place one stays during a journey​
立ち止まる (tachidomaru): to stop (in one’s tracks); to come to a stop; to halt; to pause; to stand still​
たちまち: in an instant; in a moment; immediately; right away; at once; suddenly; all of a sudden; all at once
多大 (tadai): great (quantity, amount, etc.); huge; enormous; serious​
辿り着く (tadoritsuku): to arrive at (after a struggle); to finally reach; to find one’s way to; to finally hit on (e.g. an idea)​
耐える (taeru): to bear; to stand; to endure; to put up with​; to support; to withstand; to resist; to brave​
多額 (tagaku): large (amount of money); huge; hefty; expensive
多発 (tahatsu): repeated occurrence​
対 (tai): opposite; opposition​; versus; vs.; v.​
大別 (taibetsu): general classification; broad categorization​
体調 (taichou): physical condition; state of health​
体外 (taigai): ectogenesis; outside the body​
対比 (taihi): contrast; comparison
体感 (taikan): bodily sensation; sense; experience​
退場 (taijou): exit (from a stage); leaving; exit​
体格 (taikaku): physique; constitution​
体型 (taikei): figure; body shape; build; physique; form​
体験 (taiken): personal experience; physical experience; one’s own experience​
対抗 (taikou): opposition; antagonism​
体内 (tainai): interior of the body​
対応 (taiou): correspondence (to); equivalence​
対立 (tairitsu): suitability; coordination; matching; being appropriate (for)​
対策 (taisaku): measure; provision; step; countermeasure; counterplan; countermove​
体制 (taisei): order; system; structure; set-up; organization; organisation​
対戦 (taisen): waging war; competition​
退社 (taisha): resignation; leaving office​; leaving work (e.g. at the end of the day)​
体質 (taishitsu): constitution (physical); physical make-up; predisposition (to disease); disposition; tendency​; character (of a group, organization, etc.); innate characteristics; make-up; nature; culture​
対処 (taisho): dealing with; coping with​
退職 (taishoku): retirement; resignation​
対象外 (taishougai): not covered (by); not subject (to)​
退出 (taishutsu): leaving (e.g. work at end of day); withdrawal (e.g. from a noble’s or superior’s presence); exit (e.g. from a market)​
大敵 (taiteki): great rival; powerful enemy; archenemy​
対等 (taitou): equality (esp. of status, on equal terms); equivalence​
高まる (takamaru): to rise; to swell; to be promoted​
高め (takame): high (e.g. ball in baseball); highish; on the high side​; on the expensive side; comparatively expensive
高める (takameru): to raise; to lift; to boost; to enhance​
滝 (taki): waterfall
宅配 (takuhai): home delivery​
宅配便 (takuhaibin): express home delivery service​
逞しい (takumashii): burly; strong; sturdy; indomitable; indefatigable; strong-willed; resolute; bold
蓄える (takuwaeru): to store; to save up; to stock up on; to lay in stock; to set aside​; to accumulate (e.g. knowledge); to build up (e.g. experience); to develop (e.g. one’s skills)​
たくましい: burly; strong; sturdy; indomitable; indefatigable; strong-willed; resolute; bold​
溜める (tameru): to amass; to accumulate; to store​; to leave unpaid​
保つ (tamotsu): to keep; to preserve; to hold; to retain; to maintain; to sustain​; to last; to endure; to keep well (food); to wear well; to be durable​
多難 (tanan): full of troubles, difficulties​
単調 (tanchou): monotony; monotone; dullness​
単純明快 (tanjunmeikai): simple and clear; plain and simple
短期間 (tankikan): short term; short time​
頼もしい (tanomoshii): reliable; trustworthy​; hopeful; promising​
単身 (tanshin): alone; unaided; away from home​
短縮 (tanshuku): shortening; contraction; reduction; curtailment; abbreviation​
担当者 (tantousha): person in charge (of an area of work); person responsible; contact (person)​
たっぷり: full; in plenty; ample​
多量 (taryou): large quantity; large amount​
多彩 (tasai): variegated; varicoloured; varicolored; multi-coloured; multi-colored; diverse​
他者 (tasha): another person; others​
多種多様 (tashutayou): a great variety of; diversity​
達成 (tassei): achievement; attainment; accomplishment; realization​
達成感 (tasseikan): sense of accomplishment​
多数 (tasuu): large number (of); many​; majority
畳む (tatamu): to fold (clothes, umbrella)​; to close (a shop, business)​
立て替える (tatekaeru): to pay for another; to pay someone else’s debt as a loan to him; to make temporary payment on a person’s behalf​
頼り (tayori): reliance; dependence​
多用 (tayou): busyness; a lot of things to do​; frequent use; heavy use (of); many uses​
多様 (tayou): diverse; varied
多様化 (tayouka): diversification
多様性 (tayousei): diversity; variety​
手が空く (te ga aku/te ga suku): to be free; to be available​
手に入れる (te ni ireru): to obtain; to procure​
手に付かない (te ni tsukanai): unable to concentrate on (due to distractions, etc.)​
手足 (teashi): hands and feet; limbs​
手早い (tebayai): nimble; quick; agile​
手帳 (techou): notebook; memo pad; (pocket) diary
手書き (tegaki): handwriting; handwritten; hand-painted; hand-drawn​
手軽 (tegaru): easy; simple; informal; offhand; cheap​
手頃 (tegoro): moderate; handy; convenient; reasonable​
定着 (teichaku): sticking (in one place, position, etc.); settling; fixing; adherence​; becoming established (of a custom, system, etc.); taking hold; taking root​
庭園 (teien): garden; park​
定員 (teiin): fixed number (of people); prescribed number (of regular personnel, students, etc.); quota; numerical limit; complement​
提示 (teiji): presentation; exhibit; suggest; citation​
定価 (teika): list price; regular price; established price​
低下 (teika): fall; decline; lowering; deterioration; degradation
低価格 (teikaku): low price
低気圧 (teikiatsu): low (atmospheric) pressure; low-pressure system; depression; cyclone​; bad temper; foul mood; tense situation​
低コスト (teikosuto): low cost
抵抗感 (teikoukan): antipathy; reluctance; resistance​
提供 (teikyou): offer; tender; providing; supplying; making available; donating (blood, organs, etc.)​; sponsoring (a TV program)​
定年 (teinen): retirement age​; years of service in a military rank before eligibility for promotion
手入れ (teire): care; looking after; repair; maintenance; tending; trimming; grooming​; (police) raid; crackdown​
停止 (teishi): stoppage; coming to a stop; halt; standstill​; ceasing (movement, activity, etc.); suspension (of operations); interruption (e.g. of electricity supply); cutting off​
的確 (tekikaku): precise; accurate; appropriate; exactly the right​
適性 (tekisei): aptitude; aptness; suitability​
手元 (temoto): at hand; on hand; nearby; close at hand​; way of moving one’s arms; skill​; money at hand; pocket money​
店長 (tenchou): shop manager​
展示 (tenji): exhibition; display​
転換 (tenkan): conversion; diversion; changeover; commutation; switchover​
点検 (tenken): inspection; examination; checking​
転勤 (tenkin): job transfer; job relocation; intra-company transfer​
転校 (tenkou): changing schools​
天候不順 (tenkoufujun): unseasonable weather; fickle weather; bad weather​
転校生 (tenkousei): transfer student; student changing schools​
添付 (tenpu): attaching (documents, etc.); appending; affixing​
手作業 (tesagyou): manual labor; manual procedures​
訂正 (teisei): correction; revision; amendment​
転職 (tenshoku): change of occupation; career change​
天才 (tenzai): genius; prodigy; natural gift​
手数料 (tesuuryou): handling charge; commission​
手続き (tetsuzuki): procedure; process; proceedings; formalities​
飛び散る (tobichiru): to fly around; to scatter​
飛び回る (tobimawaru): to fly about; to skip about; to bustle about​
乏しい (toboshii): meagre; meager; scarce; limited; destitute; hard up; lacking; scanty; poor​
問い合わせ (toiawase): enquiry; inquiry; query; interrogation
問い合わせる (toiawaseru): to enquire; to inquire; to seek information​
閉じこもる (tojikomoru): to seclude oneself; to shut oneself away​
問いかける (toikakeru): to ask a question​; to begin to ask a question​
溶かす (tokasu): to dissolve​; to melt
特効薬 (tokkouyaku): specific medicine; wonder drug; silver bullet
特色 (tokushoku): characteristic; feature; idiosyncrasy; personal color​
特殊 (tokushu): special; particular; peculiar; unique
特集 (tokushuu): feature (e.g. newspaper); special edition; report​
特定 (tokutei): specific; particular; designated; special​; specifying; designating; identifying; pinpointing​
得点 (tokuten): scoring; score; points made; marks obtained; goals; runs
共働き (tomobataraki): (husband and wife) both working; dual income​
伴う (tomonau): to accompany; to go hand in hand with; to be consequent upon; to be accompanied by; to bring with; to take with; to be involved in​
遠回り (toomawari): detour; roundabout way​
取扱 (toriatsukai): treatment; service; handling; management​
取り入れる (toriireru): to harvest; to reap​; to take in; to gather in​; to adopt (e.g. idea); to accept (e.g. advice); to introduce
取り組み (torikumi): bout (in sports, etc.); match; effort; initiative; dealing with; grappling with; wrestling with​
取り込む (torikomu): to take in; to bring in; to adopt (e.g. behaviour); to introduce; to win over; to please; to curry favour with; to flatter​
取り消し (torikeshi): cancellation; withdrawal; abolition; revocation; cancel
取り組む (torikumu): to grapple with; to wrestle with; to engage in a bout; to be matched against​; to tackle (e.g. a problem); to come to grips with; to work hard on​
取り除く (torinozoku): to remove; to deinstall; to take away; to set apart​
取り付く (toritsuku): to cling to; to hold on to; to hold fast to​; to set about doing; to begin; to commence; to undertake​
取り寄せる (toriyoseru): to order; to send away for; to have (something) sent to one​
都心 (toshin): city centre (center) (esp. capital city); urban centre; heart of city a metropolis​
年取る (toshitoru): to grow old; to age​
年上 (toshiue): older; senior​
整える (totonoeru)
整う (totonou): to be ready; to be prepared; to be arranged​; to be in order; to be put in order; to be well-ordered; to be well-proportioned; to be harmonious​; to be adjusted; to be regulated; to be refined (e.g. of a face)​
取っ手 (totte): handle; grip; knob​
逃亡 (toubou): escape; flight; running away; elopement; fleeing​
当分 (toubun): for the present; for the time being​
逃避 (touhi): escape; evasion; flight​
統一 (touitsu): unity; consolidation; uniformity; unification; compatible​
登場 (toujou): entry (on stage); appearance (on screen)​; entrance; introduction (into a market)​
統計 (toukei): statistics
陶器 (touki): porcelain (esp. soft-paste porcelain); china; chinaware; earthenware; pottery; ceramics; crockery​
登校 (toukou): attendance (at school); going to school​
透明 (toumei): transparent; clear​
登録 (touroku): registration; accession; register; entry; record​
討論 (touron): debate; discussion​
到達 (toutatsu): reaching; attaining; arrival​
到底 (toutei): by no means; not at all; (cannot) possibly; utterly; absolutely​
取り上げる (toriageru): to pick up​; to adopt (e.g. a proposal); to accept; to take up (a topic, complaint, etc.); to listen to; to deal with; to feature​
取り掛かる (torikakaru): to begin; to set about; to start​
取り戻す (torimodosu): to take back; to regain; to get back; to recover​
登山家 (tozanka): mountain climber; mountaineer​
潰す (tsubusu): to smash; to crush; to flatten​; to kill (time); to while away (the time)​
呟く (tsubuyaku): to mutter; to murmur; to grumble
追加 (tsuika): addition; supplement; appending; appendix​
追求 (tsuikyuu): pursuit (of a goal, ideal, etc.); search; chase; seeking after​
追及 (tsuikyuu): investigation (e.g. into someone’s guilt); questioning; pressing; hounding; pinning down​; catching up; overtaking​
使い分ける (tsukaiwakeru): to use properly; to use (different things) for different purposes​
付け加え (tsukekuwae): addition (to something)​
付け加える (tsukekuwaeru): to add (one thing to another); to add (a few more words, an explanation, etc.)​
作り上げる (tsukuriageru): to build up; to complete; to construct; to create; to invent; to cook up​
つまずく: to stumble; to trip; to fail
積み重なる (tsumikasanaru): to pile up; to stack up; to accumulate​
積み重ねる (tsumikasaneru): to pile up; to accumulate​
積む (tsumu): to pile up; to stack​; to load (car, ship, etc.); to pack​; to acquire; to accumulate​
繋がる (tsunagaru): to be tied together; to be connected to; to be linked to​; to lead to; to be related to
努める (tsutomeru): to endeavor (endeavour); to try; to strive; to make an effort; to exert oneself; to be diligent; to be committed (to doing something)​
通知 (tsuuchi): notice; notification; report; posting​
通常 (tsuujou): usual; ordinary; normal; regular; general; common​
通路 (tsuuro): passage; pathway; roadway; avenue; aisle​
通信販売 (tsuushinhanbai): mail order; mail-order sales; shop-by-mail service; on-line shopping service (with delivery by mail)​
通用 (tsuuyou): popular use; circulation​; to pass as; to pass for​
強火 (tsuyobi): high flame (cooking); high heat; strong heat​
強気 (tsuyoki): confident; assured; self-assured; firm; strong; cocksure
強める (tsuyomeru): to strengthen; to emphasize; to emphasise​
強み (tsuyomi): forte; strong point​
打ち明ける (uchiakeru): to confide; to reveal; to disclose; to lay bare; to speak frankly; to open (one’s heart)​
打ち合わせ (uchiawase): advance arrangements; preparatory meeting; briefing session​
内側 (uchigawa): inside; interior; inner part
打ち消す (uchikesu): to deny; to contradict​; to negate (esp. a sound); to drown out​
宇宙人 (uchuujin): space alien; alien; extraterrestrial being​
動き (ugoki): movement; move; motion​; trend; development; change; fluctuation​
浮かぶ (ukabu): to float; to be suspended​; to rise to surface​; to come to mind; to have inspiration​
受け入れる (ukeireru): to accept; to receive; to agree​
受け答え (ukekotae): reply; response; answer​
埋め込む (umekomu): to bury; to embed; to implant​
有無 (umu): existence or nonexistence; presence or absence​; consent or refusal; yes or no​
運が良い (un ga yoi): lucky
促す (unagasu): to urge; to encourage; to press; to prompt; to draw (attention to)​; to stimulate (e.g. growth); to hasten (e.g. development); to quicken; to accelerate; to promote​
うなずく: to nod; to bow one’s head in assent; to agree​
運賃 (unchin): (passenger) fare​; freight rates; shipping expenses​
運営 (un’ei): management; administration; operation​
運送 (unsou): transport; freight; shipping​
占う (uranau): to tell someone’s fortune; to forecast; to predict; to divine​
売れ行き (ureyuki): sales; demand​
売り上げ (uriage): amount sold; sales; proceeds; takings; turnover​
売り切れ (urikire): sold-out​
うろうろ: restlessly; aimlessly; without purpose
薄暗い (usugurai): dim; gloomy​
薄れる (usureru): to fade; to become dim​
雨天 (uten): rainy weather​
うとうと: falling into a doze; dozing off; nodding off​
うつむく: to hang one’s head; to look down; to cast one’s eyes downward​
移し替える (utsushikaeru): to shift something to; to move something into; to transfer; to transplant; to transpose; to exchange; to displace
映る (utsuru): to be reflected; to harmonize with (harmonise); to come out (photo); to be projected; to be displayed (on a screen)​
器 (utsuwa): bowl; vessel; container​; ability; capacity; calibre; caliber​
上回る (uwamawaru): to exceed (esp. figures: profits, unemployment rate, etc.); to surpass; to be more than; to be better than
和風 (wafuu): Japanese style​
わがまま: selfish; egoist; self-indulgent; wilful; willful​
分かれる (wakareru): to separate; to split; to divide​; to disperse; to scatter​
若々しい (wakawakashii): youthful; young; young-looking​
湧く (waku): to well (up); to gush forth (of water); to spring out; to surge​; to appear (esp. suddenly) (sweat, tears, etc.)​
枠組み (wakugumi): frame; framework; outline​
割り込む (warikomu): to cut into (a line, conversation, etc.); to force oneself into (e.g. a crowd); to wedge oneself into; to squeeze oneself into; to intrude on; to interrupt​
脇道 (wakimichi): side road; byroad
悪者 (warumono): bad fellow; rascal; ruffian; scoundrel​
和食 (washoku): Japanese food; Japanese-style meal; Japanese cuisine
忘れ去る (wasuresaru): to forget completely; to leave behind​
破れる (yabureru): to get torn; to tear; to rip; to break; to wear out​; to collapse; to fall into ruin​
敗れる (yabureru): to be defeated; to be beaten; to be unsuccessful; to lose​
喧しい (yakamashii): noisy; loud; clamorous; boisterous​; much talked of; much-discussed; vexed​
夜勤 (yakin): night shift​
薬品 (yakuhin): medicine; chemicals​
役目 (yakume): duty; role; function
約束事 (yakusokugoto): promise; vow; engagement​; convention; rule; resolution​
やむを得ない (yamu o enai): cannot be helped; unavoidable​
やり甲斐 (yarigai): being worth doing
養う (yashinau): to support; to maintain; to provide for​; to bring up; to raise; to rear; to feed​; to cultivate (a habit, a quality, etc.); to develop; to build up; to foster​
安値 (yasune): low price​
屋台 (yatai): cart (esp. a food cart); stall; stand
野党 (yatou): opposition party; political opposition; opposition​
呼びかける (yobikakeru): to call out to; to hail; to address​; to appeal​
呼び止める (yobitomeru): to challenge; to call somebody to halt​
予感 (yokan): presentiment; premonition; hunch​
欲求 (yokkyuu): desire; want; will; wish; urge; craving​
欲張り (yokubari): greed; avarice; covetousness; greedy person​
欲張る (yokubaru): to covet; to lust for​
読み込む (yomikomu): to read thoroughly; to read repeatedly​; to read (extra meaning) into (something)​
読み手 (yomite): reader (person)​
読み取る (yomitoru): to read and understand; to take in​; to sense from external cues; to read (someone’s) mind​
よっぽど: very; greatly; much; to a large extent; quite
寄り道 (yorimichi): dropping in on the way; stopping off at; making a side trip​; going the long way round; making a detour​
夜型 (yorugata): nocturnal (person)​
夜遅く (yoruosoku): late at night; at a late hour​
予選 (yosen): preliminary contest; qualifying round; trial; heat; primary​
寄せる (yoseru): to come near; to let someone approach​; to bring near; to bring together; to collect; to gather​; to press; to push; to force​
予定表 (yoteihyou): schedule; program; programme; itinerary​
幼稚 (youchi): infancy; childish; infantile; immature; primitive​
幼稚園 (youchien): kindergarten
用具 (yougu): tool; implement; instrument; equipment​
用品 (youhin): articles; supplies; parts​
要因 (youin): main cause; primary factor​
要件 (youken): important matter​; requirement; requisite; necessary condition; sine qua non​
用件 (youken): business; thing to be done; something that should be performed; information that should be conveyed​
容量 (youryou): capacity; volume​
養成 (yousei): training; education; development; cultivation​
容姿 (youshi): (physical) appearance (of a person); one’s face and figure​
要旨 (youshi): point; essentials; gist; summary; fundamentals​
様式 (youshiki): style; form; pattern​
要所 (yousho): important point; important position​
要するに (you suru ni)
用途 (youto): use; service; purpose​
弱気 (yowaki): timid; weak-kneed; fainthearted​
弱まる (yowamaru): to abate; to weaken; to be emaciated; to be dejected; to be perplexed​
弱々しい (yowayowashii): frail; slender; feminine​
夜空 (yozora): night sky​
指差す (yubisasu): to point at
油断 (yudan): negligence; carelessness; inattention; unpreparedness​
行方 (yukue): (one’s) whereabouts​
緩やか (yuruyaka): loose; slack​; gentle (slope, curve); slow (speed)​
ゆったり: comfortable; easy; calm; relaxed​; loose; spacious​
有害 (yuugai): harmful; hazardous
有限 (yuugen): finite; limited​
夕日 (yuuhi): evening sun; setting sun
有意義 (yuuigi): significant; useful; meaningful; worthwhile; valuable; of interest​
有人 (yuujin): manned; occupied; piloted
有給 (yuukyuu): salaried; with pay
有力 (yuuryoku): influential; prominent​; strong; likely; plausible; potent
有力者 (yuuryokusha): influential person; man of importance​
優良 (yuuryou): superior; excellent; fine​
優先 (yuusen): preference; priority; precedence​
郵送 (yuusou): mailing; posting​
憂鬱 (yuuutsu): depression; melancholy; dejection; gloom; despondency​
在学 (zaigaku): attending (school, college, etc.); being enrolled; being a student​
在籍 (zaiseki): being enrolled (at a school); being registered; being a member (of a team, organization, etc.)​
材質 (zaishitsu): material; material properties; quality of material​
残業代 (zangyoudai): overtime pay; overtime money; overtime payment​
雑草 (zassou): weed
雑談 (zatsudan): chatting; idle talk​
ざわざわ: noisily (e.g. from many people talking); creating a commotion​; rustling (leaves)​; feeling a chill; getting the chills​
税関 (zeikan): customs; customs house​
税込 (zeikomi): tax included (e.g. price); before tax (e.g. salary)
全額 (zengaku): total; full amount; sum​
前半 (zenhan): first half​
全面 (zenmen): whole surface; entire​
全般 (zenpan): (the) whole; entirety; wholly; as a whole; generally; universally​
前回 (zenkai): previous time; last time; previous installment; previous instalment; previous session​
全面的 (zenmenteki): total; complete; all-out; general; extensive; full-scale​
全力 (zenryoku): all one’s power (strength, energy, efforts); one’s utmost​
前提 (zentei): condition; assumption; prerequisite; hypothesis​
沿い (zoi): (suffix) along
続行 (zokkou): continuation; continuance; going on; resuming​
続出 (zokushutsu): appearing one after another; cropping up one after another; occurring in succession​
属する (zokusuru): to belong to; to come under; to be affiliated with; to be subject to​
続々 (zokuzoku): successively; one after another​
存分 (zonbun): to one’s heart’s content; as much as one wants​
増大 (zoudai): enlargement; increase​
増減 (zougen): increase and decrease; fluctuation​
図表 (zuhyou): chart; diagram; graph; figure​
漬け (zuke): (suffix) pickled in (something); preserved in; dipped in​
頭脳 (zunou): head; brains​
滑らす (zurasu): to shift; to slide (e.g. something away from something else); to move (e.g. something out of the way)​; to put off; to delay; to postpone; to stagger (e.g. working hours)​
図々しい (zuuzuushii): impudent; shameless; brazen; forward; audacious; cheeky​

 

 

 

あえて (aete): dare to

あくまでも (akumade mo): to the end, to the utmost degree

案の定 (an no jou): just as one thought

あらかじめ (arakajime): beforehand, in advance

あっての (atte no): to owe everything to

場合によっては (baai ni yotte wa): depending on the situation

ばこそ (ba koso): only because

ばそれまでだ (ba sore made da): if… then it’s over

べからず (bekarazu): must not, should not

べく (beku): in order to, should

べくもない (beku mo nai): can’t

びる (biru): seeming to be

ぶり (buri): style, manner

ぶる (buru): behaving like

だに (dani): even

だの~だの (dano~dano): and, and so forth

であれ~であれ (de are~de are): whether A or B

であれ/であろうと (de are/de arou to): whoever/whatever/however

でも何でもない (demo nan demo nai): not in the least

でなくてなんだろう (denakute nan darou): must be, is definitely

ではあるまいか (dewa aru mai ka): I wonder if it’s not

ではあるまいし (dewa aru mai shi): it’s not like, it isn’t as if

ではすまない (dewa sumanai): it doesn’t end with just

どうにも~ない (dou nimo~nai): not … by any means

がてら (gatera): on the same occasion

が早いか (ga hayai ka): as soon as

が最後 (ga saigo): once something occurs, something else happens

ごとき/ごとく (gotoki/gotoku): like, as if

ぐるみ (gurumi): together with

羽目になる (hame ni naru): to end up with (something unpleasant)

ひとつ (hitotsu): to give something a try

ほどのことはない (hodo no koto wa nai): not worth, no need to

ほかに~ない (hoka ni~nai): no other

ほうがましだ (hou ga mashi da): I would rather

いかなる (ikanaru): any kind of

いかんでは/いかんによっては (ikan dewa/ikan ni yotte wa): depending on

いかんによらず (ikan ni yorazu): regardless of

いかに (ikani): how

いかにも (ikanimo): indeed, really

いまだに (ima da ni): still, even now

いずれにせよ (izure nise yo): at any rate, in any case

じみた (jimita): to look like

限りだ (kagiri da): I feel so

かいもなく (kai mo naku): even though

か否か (ka ina ka): whether or not

可能性がある (kanousei ga aru): there’s a possibility

からある (kara aru): as much as, as many as

かれ~かれ (kare~kare): or

かたがた (katagata): while, for the purpose of

かたわら (katawara): while, at the same time

かつて (katsute): once, before

嫌いがある (kirai ga aru): to have a tendency to

きっての (kitte no): the most … of all

きりがない (kiri ga nai): there’s no end to

極まる/極まりない (kiwamaru/kiwamarinai): extremely

極めて (kiwamete): extremely, exceedingly

ことだし (koto dashi): because, since

ことごとく (koto gotoku): altogether, entirely

ことなしに (koto nashi ni): without doing something

ことのないよう (koto no nai you): so as not to

こととて (kototote): because, since

くらいなら (kurai nara): rather than

くらいのものだ (kurai no mono da): only

までだ (made da): only

までもない (made mo nai): it’s not necessary to

まじき (majiki): should not, must not

ままに (mama ni): to do as

まみれ (mamire): to be covered in

まるっきり (marukkiri): totally, completely

めく (meku): to show signs of

もはや (mohaya): already, no longer

も顧みず/を顧みず (mo kaerimizu/o kaerimizu): regardless of, despite

もしないで (mo shinaide): without even doing

もので (mono de): because, for that reason

ものを (mono o): I wish, if only

ものと思われる (mono to omowareru): to think, to suppose

ものとして (mono toshite): to assume, to suppose

もさることながら (mo saru koto nagara): not only… but also

もしくは (moshikuwa): or, otherwise

ながらに/ながらの (nagara ni/nagara no): while, during

ないではおかない/ずにはおかない (nai dewa okanai/zu niwa okanai): will definitely, cannot not

ないではすまない/ずにはすまない (nai dewa sumanai/zu niwa sumanai): must

ないまでも (nai made mo): even if something isn’t done

ないものか (nai mono ka): can’t we…?, can’t I…?

ないものでもない (nai mono demo nai): (something) is not entirely impossible

ないとも限らない (nai tomo kagiranai): might

なくして (nakushite): without

何しろ (nani shiro): in any case, as you know

なしに (nashi ni): without

ならでは (nara dewa): uniquely applying to

ならいざしらず (nara iza shirazu): I don’t know about A, but B

なり (nari): as soon as

なり~なり (nari~nari): or

なりに/なりの (nari ni/nari no): in one’s own way or style

なりとも (naritomo): even a little, at least

に値する (ni atai suru): to be worth, to deserve

にあたらない (ni ataranai): it’s not worth, there’s no need to

にあって (ni atte): at, during, in the condition of

にひきかえ (ni hikikae): in contrast to

に至るまで (ni itaru made): until, as far as

に至っては (ni itatte wa): as for, when it comes to

に言わせれば (ni iwasereba): if you ask, if one may say

にかかっている (ni kakatte iru): to depend on

にかたくない (ni katakunai): it’s not hard to

にまつわる (ni matsuwaru): to be related to

にもほどがある (nimo hodo ga aru): to have a limit, to go too far

にもまして (ni momashite): more than, above

に則って (ni nottotte): in accordance with

に先駆けて (ni saki gakete): to be the first

にしたって (ni shitatte): even, even if

にして (ni shite): only, in (time span)

に即して (ni sokushite): in keeping with

にたえる/にたえない (ni taeru/ni taenai): can/can’t do something

に足る/に足りる (ni taru/ni tariru): to be enough, to be worthy of

に足りない (ni tarinai): to be not worth

に照らして (ni terashite): in comparison with, according to

にとどまらず (ni todomarazu): not limited to

には及ばない (niwa oyobanai): there’s no need to

によらず (ni yorazu): regardless of

んばかりに (n bakari ni): as if, as though

んがため (n ga tame): in order to

の至り (no itari): utmost

の極み (no kiwami): utmost

のみか (nomika): not only… but also

のなんのって (no nan no tte): extremely

を踏まえて (o fumaete): based on

を経て (o hete): through, after, via

をいいことに (o ii koto ni): to take advantage of

を限りに (o kagiri ni): starting from

を兼ねて (o kanete): also for the purpose of

を皮切りに (o kawakiri ni): starting with

を機に (o ki ni): as an opportunity to

を禁じえない (o kinjienai): can’t help but

をものともせず (o monotomo sezu): in defiance of

をもって (o motte) – 1: by means of

をもって (o motte) – 2: at the time

をおいて (o oite): other than, without

を余儀なくされる (o yogi naku sareru): to be forced to do something

をよそに (o yoso ni): despite

思いをする (omoi o suru): to feel

折に (ori ni): when, on the occasion

およそ (oyoso): totally, (not) at all

さもないと (samonaito): otherwise, else, if not so

さぞ (sazo): I’m sure, I’m certain

始末だ (shimatsu da): end up, in the end

そばから (soba kara): as soon as

さも (samo): truly, really

それなりに (sore nari ni): as it is, in its own way

そうにもない (sou nimo nai): impossible, unlikely

ただ~のみだ (tada~nomi da): can do nothing but

た拍子に (ta hyoushi ni): the instant

ためしがない (tameshi ga nai): (something) is never the case

たりとも (taritomo): (not) even, (not) any

た瞬間に (ta shunkan ni): the moment

てっきり (tekkiri): surely, certainly

たところで (ta tokoro de): even if one does something

てからというもの (te kara to iu mono): after, since

てかなわない (te kanawanai): can’t stand, unable to

てまで (te made): even

てみせる (te miseru): I’ll definitely

てもどうにもならない (temo dou nimo naranai): it’s no use

ても始まらない (temo hajimaranai): it’s no use

ても差し支えない (temo sashitsukaenai): can, it’s okay if

てしかるべきだ (te shikaru beki da): should

ってば (tteba): I said, I told you to

てやまない (te yamanai): always, never stop

と相まって (to aimatte): together with

とあれば (to areba): if, if it’s the case that

とあって (to atte): because of

とばかりに (to bakari ni): as if, as though

といえども (to ie domo): even, even if

といい~といい (to ii~to ii): and, or

といったらない (to ittara nai): very, extremely

という (to iu): all, every

というか (to iu ka): or, or more precisely

というか~というか (to iu ka~to iu ka): (I’m not sure if it’s) A or B

というところだ/といったところだ (to iu tokoro da/to itta tokoro da): approximately, about

というもの (to iu mono): during a period of time

というわけだ (to iu wake da): this means

というわけではない (to iu wake dewa nai): it’s not that, it doesn’t mean that

といわず (to iwazu): not just, both

ときたら (tokitara): when it comes to, concerning

ときている (to kite iru): because

ところがある (tokoro ga aru): there is

ところから (tokoro kara): from the fact that

とみられる (to mirareru): to be regarded as, to be expected to

とみるや (to miru ya): at the sight of, upon seeing

ともなく (tomonaku): to do something without thinking about it

ともなると/ともなれば (tomo naru to/tomo nareba): when, once (something happens)

ともすれば (tomo sureba): apt to, prone to

と思いきや (to omoikiya): I thought

とりわけ (toriwake): especially

とされる (to sareru): is considered

とっさに (tossa ni): at once, right away

としたって/としたところで (to shitatte/to shita tokoro de): even if

として~ない (toshite~nai): not even one

とて (tote): even if, even though

とても~ない (totemo~nai): cannot possibly

とは (towa): [indicates word or phrase being defined]

とはいえ (towaie): nonetheless, although

とはいうものの (towa iu mono no): having said that, be that as it may

つ~つ (tsu~tsu): [indicates two contrasting actions]

はおろか (wa oroka): let alone, not to mention

はさておき (wa sateoki): setting aside

や否や (ya ina ya): the moment that, as soon as

やしない (yashinai): not (emphatic negative)

(よ)うが/(よ)うと (you ga/you to): no matter how/what

(よ)うが~まいが/(よ)うと~まいと (you ga~mai ga/you to~mai to): whether or not

(よ)うか~まいか (you ka~mai ka): whether or not

(よ)うものなら (you mono nara): if one chooses to

(よ)うにも~ない (you nimo~nai): even if one tries to do something, it can’t be done

ようによっては (you ni yotte wa): depending on

ゆえに (yue ni): therefore, consequently

ざる (zaru): not, -un

ずじまい (zu jimai): never

ずくめ (zukume): entirely, completely

ずとも (zu tomo): even without doing

 

https://japanesetest4you.com/jlpt-n1-vocabulary-list/

赤字 (akaji): deficit

悪事 (akuji): evil deed, crime

圧倒 (attou): overwhelm, overpower

扱い (atsukai): treatment, service​

圧力 (atsuryoku): pressure, stress​

過ち (ayamachi): fault, error, indiscretion

買収 (baishuu): acquisition, buy-out, takeover

爆弾 (bakudan): bomb

弁護 (bengo): defence, pleading, advocacy​

弁解 (benkai): justification, explanation

弁明 (benmei): explanation, excuse

貧乏 (binbou): poverty, destitute, poor​

敏感 (binkan): sensibility, susceptibility

微笑 (bishou): smile

膨張 (bouchou): expansion, swelling, increase

防衛 (bouei): defense, protection

暴力 (bouryoku): violence, mayhem

侮辱 (bujoku): insult, affront, slight

部下 (buka): subordinate person

分配 (bunpai): division, splitting, sharing

分散 (bunsan): dispersion, breakup

文書 (bunsho): document, writing, paperwork

無礼 (burei): impolite, rude​

武装 (busou): arms, armament​

着手 (chakushu): to start work (on), to undertake​

近づく (chikazuku): to approach, to draw near

蓄積 (chikuseki): accumulation, accumulate

賃金 (chingin): wages

沈黙 (chinmoku): silence, being silent

知性 (chisei): intelligence

秩序 (chitsujo): order, regularity

直感 (chokkan): intuition, instinct, hunch

直面 (chokumen): confrontation, to face

挑戦 (chousen): challenge, defiance, dare

調達 (choutatsu): supply, provision

中断 (chuudan): interruption, suspension, break​

忠実 (chuujitsu): faithfulness, devotion, loyalty

忠告 (chuukoku): advice, warning​

打撃 (dageki): blow, shock, strike

大胆 (daitan): bold, daring, audacious​

妥協 (dakyou): compromise, giving in​

団結 (danketsu): unity, union, combination

脱出 (dasshutsu): escape, break-out​

土台 (dodai): foundation, base, basis​

独裁 (dokusai): dictatorship, despotism​

独占 (dokusen): monopoly, monopolization​

度胸 (dokyou): courage, bravery, nerve

動員 (douin): mobilization

同情 (doujou): sympathy, compassion

動機 (douki): motive, incentive​

同盟 (doumei): alliance, union, league

同類 (dourui): the same kind

同士 (doushi): fellow, companion, comrade

同等 (doutou): equality, equal, same rights

動揺 (douyou): shaking, trembling, disturbance

映像 (eizou): reflection, image, video

演じる (enjiru): to perform (a play), to play (a part)

不動産 (fudousan): real estate​

腐敗 (fuhai): decomposition, corruption, decay

不可欠 (fukaketsu): indispensable, essential​

復讐 (fukushuu): revenge

紛争 (funsou): dispute, trouble, strife​

相応しい (fusawashii): appropriate, adequate

負傷 (fushou): injury, wound​

負担 (futan): burden, charge, responsibility​

不当 (futou): injustice, impropriety, unfair

封鎖 (fuusa): blockade

概念 (gainen): general idea, concept

現地 (genchi): actual place, local

厳密 (genmitsu): strict, close, precise

減少 (genshou): decrease, reduction, decline

原則 (gensoku): principle, general rule​

幻想 (gensou): illusions

犠牲 (gisei): victim, sacrifice, scapegoat

合成 (gousei): composition, synthesis

軍事 (gunji): military affairs​

業務 (gyoumu): business, affairs, duties

業績 (gyouseki): achievement, performance, results

把握 (haaku): grasp, catch, understanding​

阻む (habamu): to keep someone from doing, to prevent

肺 (hai): lung

配置 (haichi): arrangement, deployment

背後 (haigo): back, rear, ​background

排除 (haijo): exclusion, removal, elimination

配慮 (hairyo): consideration, concern, attention

廃止 (haishi): abolition, repeal​

破壊 (hakai): destruction, disruption​

派遣 (haken): dispatch, despatch, deployment​

白状 (hakujou): confession

繁栄 (han’ei): prosperity, thriving

反応 (hannou): reaction, response​

反乱 (hanran): insurrection, rebellion

発生 (hassei): outbreak, spring forth, occurrence

果たす (hatasu): to accomplish, to achieve

発言 (hatsugen): statement, remark

兵器 (heiki): arms, weapons, ordnance​

閉鎖 (heisa): closing, shutdown, lockout

兵士 (heishi): soldier

変動 (hendou): change, fluctuation​

変革 (henkaku): change, transformation

偏見 (henken): prejudice, narrow view​

率いる (hikiiru): to lead, to command

悲鳴 (himei): shriek, scream​

非難 (hinan): criticism, blame, reproach

避難 (hinan): taking refuge, finding shelter

貧困 (hinkon): poor, needy​

頻繁 (hinpan): frequent, incessant

疲労 (hirou): fatigue, weariness​

悲惨 (hisan): disastrous, tragic

匹敵 (hitteki): to be a match for, to rival

必然 (hitsuzen): inevitable, necessary

施す (hodokosu): to give, to do, to conduct

保護 (hogo): care, protection, shelter

保険 (hoken): insurance, guarantee​

本能 (honnou): instinct

本心 (honshin): true feelings​

本質 (honshitsu): essence, true nature

崩壊 (houkai): collapse, crumbling

放棄 (houki): abandonment, renunciation

方策 (housaku): plan, policy​

報酬 (houshuu): remuneration, recompense, reward

法廷 (houtei): courtroom

票 (hyou): vote, ballot

一部 (ichibu): one part, one portion

著しい (ichijirushii): striking, remarkable, considerable

移住 (ijuu): migration, immigration​

怒り (ikari): anger, rage, fury

一刻 (ikkoku): minute, moment, an instant​

移行 (ikou): migration, transition​

移民 (imin): emigration, immigration

痛める (itameru): to hurt, to cause pain

痛む (itamu): to hurt, to ache, to feel a pain​

意図 (ito): intention, aim, design​

営む (itonamu): to run (a business), to operate

意欲 (iyoku): will, desire, ambition

依然 (izen): still, as yet

依存 (izon): dependence, reliance​

地獄 (jigoku): hell

事業 (jigyou): enterprise, business, industry

自覚 (jikaku): self-consciousness, self-awareness​

地元 (jimoto): home area, local

迅速 (jinsoku): quick, fast, rapid, swift

実践 (jissen): practice, putting into practice

実質 (jisshitsu): substance, essence​

事前 (jizen): prior, beforehand

持続 (jizoku): continuation, persisting, lasting

助言 (jogen): advice, suggestion​

譲歩 (jouho): concession, conciliation

情熱 (jounetsu): passion, enthusiasm

上陸 (jouriku): landing, disembarkation

情勢 (jousei): state of things, state of affairs

従業員 (juugyouin): employee, worker​

柔軟 (juunan): flexible, lithe, soft, pliable​

株式 (kabushiki): stock (company)​

課題 (kadai): subject, theme, issue, matter​

開発 (kaihatsu): development, exploitation​

回避 (kaihi): evasion, avoidance​

解除 (kaijo): cancellation, release

改革 (kaikaku): reform, reformation

階級 (kaikyuu): (social) class, rank, grade​

介入 (kainyuu): intervention

賭け (kake): betting, gambling

賭ける (kakeru): to wager, to bet, to gamble

確保 (kakuho): guarantee, maintain, ensure

革命 (kakumei): revolution

確信 (kakushin): conviction, belief, confidence​

肝心 (kanjin): essential, fundamental, crucial

完璧 (kanpeki): perfect, complete, flawless​

官僚 (kanryou): bureaucrat, bureaucracy​

監視 (kanshi): monitoring, watching, observation

干渉 (kanshou): interference, intervention, meddling​

関与 (kanyo): participation, taking part in

寛容 (kanyou): tolerance, generosity

固める (katameru): to harden, to solidify

傾ける (katamukeru): to incline, to lean, to tilt

交わす (kawasu): to exchange, to intersect, to cross

軽減 (keigen): abatement, reduction​

経費 (keihi): expenses, cost, outlay​

経過 (keika): passage, expiration, progress

警戒 (keikai): vigilance, caution, alertness

経歴 (keireki): personal history, career​

経路 (keiro): course, route, means

形成 (keisei): formation, molding, taking form​

携帯 (keitai): something carried (in the hand)

権限 (kengen): power, authority, jurisdiction​

権威 (ken’i): authority, power, influence​

権力 (kenryoku): (political) power, authority

決断 (ketsudan): decision, determination​

決意 (ketsui): decision, determination

規模 (kibo): scale, scope, plan

危機 (kiki): crisis, danger, risk​

機構 (kikou): mechanism, organization

勤勉 (kinben): diligent, industrious​

緊急 (kinkyuu): urgent, pressing, emergency​

規制 (kisei): regulation, control, restriction

奇跡 (kiseki): miracle, wonder, marvel​

競う (kisou): to compete, to contest

規定 (kitei): provision, regulation, rule​

気絶 (kizetsu): faint, swoon​

築く (kizuku): to build, to construct

傷つける (kizutsukeru): to wound, to injure​

拒む (kobamu): to refuse, to reject, to decline​

​誇張 (kochou): exaggeration

孤独 (kodoku): solitude, loneliness, isolation

試みる (kokoromiru): to try, to attempt

根拠 (konkyo): basis, foundation​

個性 (kosei): individuality, personality

固定 (kotei): fixation, fixing

興奮 (koufun): excitement, stimulation, agitation

抗議 (kougi): protest, objection​

行為 (koui): act, deed, conduct​

好意 (koui): good will, favor, courtesy

公開 (koukai): making available to the public

後悔 (koukai): regret, repentance, remorse​

購入 (kounyuu): purchase, buy​

効率 (kouritsu): efficiency

交渉 (koushou): negotiations, discussions​

雇用 (koyou): employment, hire​

口調 (kuchou): tone, (verbal) expression​

苦しみ (kurushimi): pain, anguish, suffering

屈辱 (kutsujoku): disgrace, humiliation​

拒否 (kyohi): refusal, rejection, denial

極端 (kyokutan): extreme, extremity​

脅迫 (kyouhaku): threat, menace, coercion

脅威 (kyoui): threat, menace​

享受 (kyouju): reception, acceptance, enjoyment

共感 (kyoukan): sympathy, empathy, response​

教訓 (kyoukun): lesson, precept

強烈 (kyouretsu): strong, intense, severe​

共産 (kyousan): communism

強制 (kyousei): obligation, coercion, compulsion

究極 (kyuukyoku): ultimate, extreme, final

救済 (kyuusai): relief, aid, rescue

恵む (megumu): to bless, to show mercy to​

明白 (meihaku): obvious, clear, plain

明瞭 (meiryou): clarity, clearness​

名誉 (meiyo): honor, credit, prestige​

未知 (michi): not yet known, unknown

身近 (midjika): near oneself, close to one, familiar

見方 (mikata): viewpoint, point of view

源 (minamoto): source, origin, root​

満たす (mitasu): to satisfy, to fulfill, to gratify

漏らす (morasu): to let leak, to reveal​

摸索 (mosaku): groping (for), exploring for a solution

齎す (motarasu): to bring, to take, to bring about​

無実 (mujitsu): innocence, guiltlessness

無効 (mukou): invalid, no effect

無力 (muryoku): powerlessness, incompetent

悩み (nayami): trouble, worry, distress

燃料 (nenryou): fuel

熱意 (netsui): zeal, enthusiasm​

憎しみ (nikushimi): hatred

肉体 (nikutai): the body, the flesh​

担う (ninau): to carry on shoulder, to bear

認識 (ninshiki): recognition, awareness, perception

妊娠 (ninshin): conception, pregnancy​

農場 (noujou): farm (agriculture)​

覚え (oboe): memory, sense, experience​

犯す (okasu): to commit (e.g. crime)

重荷 (omoni): load, heavy burden

大幅 (oohaba): big, large, substantial

愚か (oroka): foolish, stupid​

恐れ (osore): fear, horror, anxiety

襲う (osou): to attack, to assail

訪れる (otozureru): to visit, to call on​

負う (ou): to bear, to take responsibility for

楽観 (rakkan): optimism

連中 (renchuu): company, lot, bunch

理屈 (rikutsu): theory, reason​

理性 (risei): reason, reasoning power

利息 (risoku): interest (bank)​

理論 (riron): theory

論理 (ronri): logic, logical

浪費 (rouhi): waste, extravagance​

領域 (ryouiki): area, domain, territory

良心 (ryoushin): conscience

察知 (sacchi): sense, infer​

定める (sadameru): to decide, to establish, to determine

最悪 (saiaku): the worst​

細部 (saibu): details

再生 (saisei): resuscitation, regeneration

採用 (saiyou): use, adoption, acceptance​

最善 (saizen): the very best, utmost​

栄える (sakaeru): to prosper, to flourish​

作戦 (sakusen): tactics, strategy​

悟る (satoru): to perceive, to sense, to understand

世代 (sedai): generation, the world, the age​

征服 (seifuku): conquest, subjugation

制服 (seifuku): uniform

正義 (seigi): justice, right, righteousness

誠実 (seijitsu): sincere, honest, faithful​

成熟 (seijuku): maturity, ripeness​

成果 (seika): fruits (of one’s labors), accomplishment

政権 (seiken): (political) administration, political power​

政策 (seisaku): political measures, policy​

正当 (seitou): just, justifiable, right

選挙 (senkyo): election

戦略 (senryaku): strategy, tactics​

占領 (senryou): occupying, possession, capture

戦闘 (sentou): battle, fight, combat​

専用 (senyou): exclusive use, personal use

接触 (sesshoku): touch, contact​

設定 (settei): establishment, creation, setting

説得 (settoku): persuasion

設立 (setsuritsu): establishment, founding

死 (shi): death, decease​

強いる (shiiru): to force, to compel, to coerce​

支持 (shiji): support, holding up, backing

指示 (shiji): instructions, directions, ​indication

資格 (shikaku): qualifications, requirements

指揮 (shiki): command, direction​

資金 (shikin): funds, capital​

仕組み (shikumi): structure, construction

使命 (shimei): mission, errand​, task

辛抱 (shinbou): patience, endurance​

進化 (shinka): evolution, progress​

侵略 (shinryaku): aggression, invasion

思考 (shikou): thought, consideration, thinking​

真実 (shinjitsu): truth, reality​

真理 (shinri): truth

真相 (shinsou): truth, real situation​

進展 (shinten): progress, development​

資産 (shisan): property, fortune, assets

視線 (shisen): one’s line of sight, one’s gaze

指摘 (shiteki): pointing out, identification​

嫉妬 (shitto): jealousy, envy​

視野 (shiya): field of vision, outlook​

処分 (shobun): disposal, dealing (with a problem)

職務 (shokumu): professional duties​

所得 (shotoku): income, earnings​

象徴 (shouchou): symbol

衝動 (shoudou): impulse, impetus, urge​

生涯 (shougai): one’s lifetime

証言 (shougen): testimony, (verbal) evidence​

証拠 (shouko): evidence, proof​

照明 (shoumei): illumination, lighting​

消滅 (shoumetsu): extinction, extinguishment

奨励 (shourei): encouragement, promotion

詳細 (shousai): detail, particulars​

昇進 (shoushin): promotion, advancement

少数 (shousuu): minority, few​

正体 (shoutai): true character, true form

勝利 (shouri): victory, triumph, win

所有 (shoyuu): one’s possessions, ownership​

主導 (shudou): leadership, initiative, spearhead​

守衛 (shuei): security guard, doorkeeper​

手法 (shuhou): technique, method​

収集 (shuushuu): gathering up, collection

収益 (shuueki): earnings, proceeds, returns

措置 (sochi): measure, measures, step​

損なう (sokonau): to harm, to hurt, to injure

促進 (sokushin): promotion, acceleration

染まる (somaru): to be dyed​, to be tainted, to be infected

即座に (sokuza ni): immediately, right away

阻止 (soshi): obstruction, check, hindrance

備わる (sonawaru): to be furnished with, to be equipped with​

損失 (sonshitsu): loss (e.g. assets or profits)​

訴訟 (soshou): liftigation, lawsuit​

装備 (soubi): equipment

捜査 (sousa): search, investigation

創造 (souzou): creation

遂行 (suikou): accomplishment, execution​

衰退 (suitai): decline, degeneration, decay

推進 (suishin): propulsion, drive​, promotion

好く (suku): to like, to love

体験 (taiken): personal experience, physical experience

対応 (taiou): correspondence, coping with

態勢 (taisei): attitude, posture, preparedness

対処 (taisho): dealing with, coping with

退職 (taishoku): retirement, resignation​

大衆 (taishuu): general public, the masses​

高まる (takamaru): to rise, to swell

企む (takuramu): to scheme, to plan, to conspire

保つ (tamotsu): to keep, to preserve, to maintain

達成 (tassei): achievement

提供 (teikyou): offer, provisioning, supply​

停滞 (teitai): stagnation, tie-up, congestion

手順 (tejun): process, procedure, sequence

適応 (tekiou): adaptation, accommodation

展示 (tenji): exhibition, display​

天井 (tenjou): ceiling, ceiling price​

転換 (tenkan): conversion, changeover

点検 (tenken): inspection, examination, checking​

天才 (tensai): genius, prodigy

手遅れ (teokure): being (too) late​

扉 (tobira): door, gate, opening​

乏しい (toboshii): meagre, scarce, lacking

特権 (tokken): privilege, special right​

富 (tomi): riches, wealth, fortune​

富む (tomu): to be rich in, to abound in

突破 (toppa): breaking through, penetration​

取引 (torihiki): transactions, dealings

整える (totonoeru): to put in order, to adjust​

統合 (tougou): integration, unification, synthesis​

投入 (tounyuu): throwing into, inserting

討論 (touron): debate, discussion​

統制 (tousei): regulation, control​

投資 (toushi): investment

到達 (toutatsu): reaching, attaining, arrival​

告げる (tsugeru): to tell, to inform

追求 (tsuikyuu): pursuit (of a goal, ideal, etc.)

追跡 (tsuiseki): chase, pursuit, tracing

費やす (tsuiyasu): to spend, to consume

募る (tsunoru): to grow violent, to become stronger

通常 (tsuujou): common, general, normal, usual​

強まる (tsuyomaru): to get strong, to gain strength​

打ち明ける (uchiakeru): to confide, to reveal

動き (ugoki): movement, move, motion​

促す (unagasu): to urge, to press, to prompt

運営 (un’ei): management, administration

運命 (unmei): fate, destiny

運用 (unyou): making use of, application

薄れる (usureru): to fade, to become dim​

罠 (wana): snare, trap

闇 (yami): darkness, the dark

野心 (yashin): ambition, aspiration​

養う (yashinau): to support, to provide for

余地 (yochi): place, room, margin

予感 (yokan): presentiment, premonition, hunch​

欲望 (yokubou): desire, appetite, lust​

抑制 (yokusei): control, restraint, suppression

要因 (youin): main cause, primary factor​

用件 (youken): business, thing to be done

要請 (yousei): appeal, request, demand

要する (you suru): to need, to demand, to require

弱める (yowameru): to weaken​

勇敢 (yuukan): brave, heroic, gallant​

優先 (yuusen): preference, priority

融資 (yuushi): financing, loan​

有する (yuusuru): to own, to be endowed with​

誘惑 (yuuwaku): temptation, allurement

財政 (zaisei): public finance, financial affairs

残酷 (zankoku): cruelty, harshness​

前提 (zentei): preamble, premise, reason

絶望 (zetsubou): despair, hopelessness​

増強 (zoukyou): augment, reinforce, increase​

https://japanesetest4you.com/jlpt-n1-vocabulary-list/

扱い (atsukai): treatment, service​

圧力 (atsuryoku): pressure, stress​

過ち (ayamachi): fault, error, indiscretion

買収 (baishuu): acquisition, buy-out, takeover

爆弾 (bakudan): bomb

弁護 (bengo): defence, pleading, advocacy​

弁解 (benkai): justification, explanation

弁明 (benmei): explanation, excuse

貧乏 (binbou): poverty, destitute, poor​

敏感 (binkan): sensibility, susceptibility

微笑 (bishou): smile

膨張 (bouchou): expansion, swelling, increase

防衛 (bouei): defense, protection

暴力 (bouryoku): violence, mayhem

侮辱 (bujoku): insult, affront, slight

部下 (buka): subordinate person

分配 (bunpai): division, splitting, sharing

分散 (bunsan): dispersion, breakup

文書 (bunsho): document, writing, paperwork

無礼 (burei): impolite, rude​

武装 (busou): arms, armament​

着手 (chakushu): to start work (on), to undertake​

近づく (chikazuku): to approach, to draw near

蓄積 (chikuseki): accumulation, accumulate

賃金 (chingin): wages

沈黙 (chinmoku): silence, being silent

知性 (chisei): intelligence

秩序 (chitsujo): order, regularity

直感 (chokkan): intuition, instinct, hunch

直面 (chokumen): confrontation, to face

挑戦 (chousen): challenge, defiance, dare

調達 (choutatsu): supply, provision

中断 (chuudan): interruption, suspension, break​

忠実 (chuujitsu): faithfulness, devotion, loyalty

忠告 (chuukoku): advice, warning​

打撃 (dageki): blow, shock, strike

大胆 (daitan): bold, daring, audacious​

妥協 (dakyou): compromise, giving in​

団結 (danketsu): unity, union, combination

脱出 (dasshutsu): escape, break-out​

土台 (dodai): foundation, base, basis​

独裁 (dokusai): dictatorship, despotism​

独占 (dokusen): monopoly, monopolization​

度胸 (dokyou): courage, bravery, nerve

動機 (douki): motive, incentive​

映像 (eizou): reflection, image, video

演じる (enjiru): to perform (a play), to play (a part)

腐敗 (fuhai): decomposition, corruption, decay

不可欠 (fukaketsu): indispensable, essential​

復讐 (fukushuu): revenge

紛争 (funsou): dispute, trouble, strife​

相応しい (fusawashii): appropriate, adequate

負傷 (fushou): injury, wound​

不当 (futou): injustice, impropriety, unfair

封鎖 (fuusa): blockade

概念 (gainen): general idea, concept

現地 (genchi): actual place, local

厳密 (genmitsu): strict, close, precise

減少 (genshou): decrease, reduction, decline

原則 (gensoku): principle, general rule​

幻想 (gensou): illusions

犠牲 (gisei): victim, sacrifice, scapegoat

合成 (gousei): composition, synthesis

軍事 (gunji): military affairs​

業績 (gyouseki): achievement, performance, results

把握 (haaku): grasp, catch, understanding​

阻む (habamu): to keep someone from doing, to prevent

肺 (hai): lung

配置 (haichi): arrangement, deployment

背後 (haigo): back, rear, ​background

排除 (haijo): exclusion, removal, elimination

配慮 (hairyo): consideration, concern, attention

廃止 (haishi): abolition, repeal​

破壊 (hakai): destruction, disruption​

派遣 (haken): dispatch, despatch, deployment​

白状 (hakujou): confession

繁栄 (han’ei): prosperity, thriving

反応 (hannou): reaction, response​

反乱 (hanran): insurrection, rebellion

果たす (hatasu): to accomplish, to achieve

発言 (hatsugen): statement, remark

兵器 (heiki): arms, weapons, ordnance​

閉鎖 (heisa): closing, shutdown, lockout

兵士 (heishi): soldier

変動 (hendou): change, fluctuation​

変革 (henkaku): change, transformation

偏見 (henken): prejudice, narrow view​

率いる (hikiiru): to lead, to command

悲鳴 (himei): shriek, scream​

非難 (hinan): criticism, blame, reproach

避難 (hinan): taking refuge, finding shelter

貧困 (hinkon): poor, needy​

頻繁 (hinpan): frequent, incessant

疲労 (hirou): fatigue, weariness​

悲惨 (hisan): disastrous, tragic

匹敵 (hitteki): to be a match for, to rival

必然 (hitsuzen): inevitable, necessary

施す (hodokosu): to give, to do, to conduct

保護 (hogo): care, protection, shelter

保険 (hoken): insurance, guarantee​

崩壊 (houkai): collapse, crumbling

放棄 (houki): abandonment, renunciation

方策 (housaku): plan, policy​

報酬 (houshuu): remuneration, recompense, reward

法廷 (houtei): courtroom

票 (hyou): vote, ballot

著しい (ichijirushii): striking, remarkable, considerable

移住 (ijuu): migration, immigration​

怒り (ikari): anger, rage, fury

一刻 (ikkoku): minute, moment, an instant​

痛める (itameru): to hurt, to cause pain

痛む (itamu): to hurt, to ache, to feel a pain​

意図 (ito): intention, aim, design​

営む (itonamu): to run (a business), to operate

意欲 (iyoku): will, desire, ambition

依然 (izen): still, as yet

依存 (izon): dependence, reliance​

地獄 (jigoku): hell

事業 (jigyou): enterprise, business, industry

自覚 (jikaku): self-consciousness, self-awareness​

地元 (jimoto): home area, local

迅速 (jinsoku): quick, fast, rapid, swift

実践 (jissen): practice, putting into practice

実質 (jisshitsu): substance, essence​

事前 (jizen): prior, beforehand

持続 (jizoku): continuation, persisting, lasting

助言 (jogen): advice, suggestion​

譲歩 (jouho): concession, conciliation

情熱 (jounetsu): passion, enthusiasm

上陸 (jouriku): landing, disembarkation

情勢 (jousei): state of things, state of affairs

従業員 (juugyouin): employee, worker​

柔軟 (juunan): flexible, lithe, soft, pliable​

株式 (kabushiki): stock (company)​

課題 (kadai): subject, theme, issue, matter​

回避 (kaihi): evasion, avoidance​

解除 (kaijo): cancellation, release

改革 (kaikaku): reform, reformation

階級 (kaikyuu): (social) class, rank, grade​

介入 (kainyuu): intervention

賭け (kake): betting, gambling

賭ける (kakeru): to wager, to bet, to gamble

確保 (kakuho): guarantee, maintain, ensure

革命 (kakumei): revolution

肝心 (kanjin): essential, fundamental, crucial

完璧 (kanpeki): perfect, complete, flawless​

官僚 (kanryou): bureaucrat, bureaucracy​

監視 (kanshi): monitoring, watching, observation

干渉 (kanshou): interference, intervention, meddling​

関与 (kanyo): participation, taking part in

寛容 (kanyou): tolerance, generosity

固める (katameru): to harden, to solidify

傾ける (katamukeru): to incline, to lean, to tilt

交わす (kawasu): to exchange, to intersect, to cross

軽減 (keigen): abatement, reduction​

経過 (keika): passage, expiration, progress

警戒 (keikai): vigilance, caution, alertness

経歴 (keireki): personal history, career​

経路 (keiro): course, route, means

権威 (ken’i): authority, power, influence​

決断 (ketsudan): decision, determination​

決意 (ketsui): decision, determination

規模 (kibo): scale, scope, plan

危機 (kiki): crisis, danger, risk​

機構 (kikou): mechanism, organization

勤勉 (kinben): diligent, industrious​

緊急 (kinkyuu): urgent, pressing, emergency​

奇跡 (kiseki): miracle, wonder, marvel​

競う (kisou): to compete, to contest

気絶 (kizetsu): faint, swoon​

築く (kizuku): to build, to construct

傷つける (kizutsukeru): to wound, to injure​

拒む (kobamu): to refuse, to reject, to decline​

​誇張 (kochou): exaggeration

孤独 (kodoku): solitude, loneliness, isolation

根拠 (konkyo): basis, foundation​

固定 (kotei): fixation, fixing

興奮 (koufun): excitement, stimulation, agitation

好意 (koui): good will, favor, courtesy

公開 (koukai): making available to the public

後悔 (koukai): regret, repentance, remorse​

購入 (kounyuu): purchase, buy​

効率 (kouritsu): efficiency

交渉 (koushou): negotiations, discussions​

雇用 (koyou): employment, hire​

口調 (kuchou): tone, (verbal) expression​


苦しみ (kurushimi): pain, anguish, suffering

屈辱 (kutsujoku): disgrace, humiliation​

拒否 (kyohi): refusal, rejection, denial

極端 (kyokutan): extreme, extremity​

脅迫 (kyouhaku): threat, menace, coercion

脅威 (kyoui): threat, menace​

享受 (kyouju): reception, acceptance, enjoyment

教訓 (kyoukun): lesson, precept

強烈 (kyouretsu): strong, intense, severe​

究極 (kyuukyoku): ultimate, extreme, final

救済 (kyuusai): relief, aid, rescue

恵む (megumu): to bless, to show mercy to​

明白 (meihaku): obvious, clear, plain

明瞭 (meiryou): clarity, clearness​

名誉 (meiyo): honor, credit, prestige​

未知 (michi): not yet known, unknown

身近 (midika): near oneself, close to one, familiar

見方 (mikata): viewpoint, point of view

源 (minamoto): source, origin, root​

満たす (mitasu): to satisfy, to fulfill, to gratify

漏らす (morasu): to let leak, to reveal​

摸索 (mosaku): groping (for), exploring for a solution

齎す (motarasu): to bring, to take, to bring about​

燃料 (nenryou): fuel

熱意 (netsui): zeal, enthusiasm​

憎しみ (nikushimi): hatred

肉体 (nikutai): the body, the flesh​

担う (ninau): to carry on shoulder, to bear

妊娠 (ninshin): conception, pregnancy​

農場 (noujou): farm (agriculture)​

犯す (okasu): to commit (e.g. crime)

重荷 (omoni): load, heavy burden

大幅 (oohaba): big, large, substantial

愚か (oroka): foolish, stupid​

襲う (osou): to attack, to assail

訪れる (otozureru): to visit, to call on​

負う (ou): to bear, to take responsibility for

楽観 (rakkan): optimism

連中 (renchuu): company, lot, bunch

理屈 (rikutsu): theory, reason​

利息 (risoku): interest (bank)​

浪費 (rouhi): waste, extravagance​

領域 (ryouiki): area, domain, territory

察知 (sacchi): sense, infer​

定める (sadameru): to decide, to establish, to determine

最悪 (saiaku): the worst​

細部 (saibu): details

栄える (sakaeru): to prosper, to flourish​

作戦 (sakusen): tactics, strategy​

悟る (satoru): to perceive, to sense, to understand

世代 (sedai): generation, the world, the age​

征服 (seifuku): conquest, subjugation

成熟 (seijuku): maturity, ripeness​

政策 (seisaku): political measures, policy​

選挙 (senkyo): election

戦略 (senryaku): strategy, tactics​

占領 (senryou): occupying, possession, capture

戦闘 (sentou): battle, fight, combat​

設定 (settei): establishment, creation, setting

強いる (shiiru): to force, to compel, to coerce​

資格 (shikaku): qualifications, requirements

指揮 (shiki): command, direction​

資金 (shikin): funds, capital​

仕組み (shikumi): structure, construction

辛抱 (shinbou): patience, endurance​

侵略 (shinryaku): aggression, invasion

進展 (shinten): progress, development​

嫉妬 (shitto): jealousy, envy​

所得 (shotoku): income, earnings​

象徴 (shouchou): symbol

衝動 (shoudou): impulse, impetus, urge​

生涯 (shougai): one’s lifetime

証言 (shougen): testimony, (verbal) evidence​

証拠 (shouko): evidence, proof​

照明 (shoumei): illumination, lighting​

消滅 (shoumetsu): extinction, extinguishment

奨励 (shourei): encouragement, promotion

詳細 (shousai): detail, particulars​

昇進 (shoushin): promotion, advancement

少数 (shousuu): minority, few​

正体 (shoutai): true character, true form

勝利 (shouri): victory, triumph, win

主導 (shudou): leadership, initiative, spearhead​

守衛 (shuei): security guard, doorkeeper​

手法 (shuhou): technique, method​

収集 (shuushuu): gathering up, collection

収益 (shuueki): earnings, proceeds, returns

措置 (sochi): measure, measures, step​

損なう (sokonau): to harm, to hurt, to injure

促進 (sokushin): promotion, acceleration

染まる (somaru): to be dyed​, to be tainted, to be infected

即座に (sokuza ni): immediately, right away

阻止 (soshi): obstruction, check, hindrance

備わる (sonawaru): to be furnished with, to be equipped with​

損失 (sonshitsu): loss (e.g. assets or profits)​

訴訟 (soshou): liftigation, lawsuit​

装備 (soubi): equipment

遂行 (suikou): accomplishment, execution​

衰退 (suitai): decline, degeneration, decay

推進 (suishin): propulsion, drive​, promotion

好く (suku): to like, to love

体験 (taiken): personal experience, physical experience

大衆 (taishuu): general public, the masses​

企む (takuramu): to scheme, to plan, to conspire

保つ (tamotsu): to keep, to preserve, to maintain

達成 (tassei): achievement

提供 (teikyou): offer, provisioning, supply​

停滞 (teitai): stagnation, tie-up, congestion

手順 (tejun): process, procedure, sequence

展示 (tenji): exhibition, display​

天井 (tenjou): ceiling, ceiling price​

転換 (tenkan): conversion, changeover

点検 (tenken): inspection, examination, checking​

手遅れ (teokure): being (too) late​

扉 (tobira): door, gate, opening​

乏しい (toboshii): meagre, scarce, lacking

富 (tomi): riches, wealth, fortune​

富む (tomu): to be rich in, to abound in

突破 (toppa): breaking through, penetration​

取引 (torihiki): transactions, dealings

整える (totonoeru): to put in order, to adjust​

統合 (tougou): integration, unification, synthesis​

投入 (tounyuu): throwing into, inserting

討論 (touron): debate, discussion​

統制 (tousei): regulation, control​

投資 (toushi): investment

到達 (toutatsu): reaching, attaining, arrival​

告げる (tsugeru): to tell, to inform

追求 (tsuikyuu): pursuit (of a goal, ideal, etc.)

追跡 (tsuiseki): chase, pursuit, tracing

費やす (tsuiyasu): to spend, to consume

募る (tsunoru): to grow violent, to become stronger

通常 (tsuujou): common, general, normal, usual​

打ち明ける (uchiakeru): to confide, to reveal

促す (unagasu): to urge, to press, to prompt

薄れる (usureru): to fade, to become dim​

罠 (wana): snare, trap

闇 (yami): darkness, the dark

養う (yashinau): to support, to provide for

余地 (yochi): place, room, margin

予感 (yokan): presentiment, premonition, hunch​

欲望 (yokubou): desire, appetite, lust​

抑制 (yokusei): control, restraint, suppression

要請 (yousei): appeal, request, demand

要する (you suru): to need, to demand, to require

弱める (yowameru): to weaken​

勇敢 (yuukan): brave, heroic, gallant​

優先 (yuusen): preference, priority

融資 (yuushi): financing, loan​

有する (yuusuru): to own, to be endowed with​

誘惑 (yuuwaku): temptation, allurement

財政 (zaisei): public finance, financial affairs

残酷 (zankoku): cruelty, harshness​

前提 (zentei): preamble, premise, reason

絶望 (zetsubou): despair, hopelessness​

増強 (zoukyou): augment, reinforce, increase​





https://japanesetest4you.com/jlpt-n1-vocabulary-list/

 

赤字 (akaji): deficit

悪事 (akuji): evil deed, crime

圧倒 (attou): overwhelm, overpower

扱い (atsukai): treatment, service​

圧力 (atsuryoku): pressure, stress​

過ち (ayamachi): fault, error, indiscretion

買収 (baishuu): acquisition, buy-out, takeover

爆弾 (bakudan): bomb

弁護 (bengo): defence, pleading, advocacy​

弁解 (benkai): justification, explanation

弁明 (benmei): explanation, excuse

貧乏 (binbou): poverty, destitute, poor​

敏感 (binkan): sensibility, susceptibility

微笑 (bishou): smile

膨張 (bouchou): expansion, swelling, increase

防衛 (bouei): defense, protection

暴力 (bouryoku): violence, mayhem

侮辱 (bujoku): insult, affront, slight

部下 (buka): subordinate person

分配 (bunpai): division, splitting, sharing

分散 (bunsan): dispersion, breakup

文書 (bunsho): document, writing, paperwork

無礼 (burei): impolite, rude​

武装 (busou): arms, armament​

着手 (chakushu): to start work (on), to undertake​

近づく (chikazuku): to approach, to draw near

蓄積 (chikuseki): accumulation, accumulate

賃金 (chingin): wages

沈黙 (chinmoku): silence, being silent

知性 (chisei): intelligence

秩序 (chitsujo): order, regularity

直感 (chokkan): intuition, instinct, hunch

直面 (chokumen): confrontation, to face

挑戦 (chousen): challenge, defiance, dare

調達 (choutatsu): supply, provision

中断 (chuudan): interruption, suspension, break​

忠実 (chuujitsu): faithfulness, devotion, loyalty

忠告 (chuukoku): advice, warning​

打撃 (dageki): blow, shock, strike

大胆 (daitan): bold, daring, audacious​

妥協 (dakyou): compromise, giving in​

団結 (danketsu): unity, union, combination

脱出 (dasshutsu): escape, break-out​

土台 (dodai): foundation, base, basis​

独裁 (dokusai): dictatorship, despotism​

独占 (dokusen): monopoly, monopolization​

度胸 (dokyou): courage, bravery, nerve

動員 (douin): mobilization

同情 (doujou): sympathy, compassion

動機 (douki): motive, incentive​

同盟 (doumei): alliance, union, league

同類 (dourui): the same kind

同士 (doushi): fellow, companion, comrade

同等 (doutou): equality, equal, same rights

動揺 (douyou): shaking, trembling, disturbance

映像 (eizou): reflection, image, video

演じる (enjiru): to perform (a play), to play (a part)

不動産 (fudousan): real estate​

腐敗 (fuhai): decomposition, corruption, decay

不可欠 (fukaketsu): indispensable, essential​

復讐 (fukushuu): revenge

紛争 (funsou): dispute, trouble, strife​

相応しい (fusawashii): appropriate, adequate

負傷 (fushou): injury, wound​

負担 (futan): burden, charge, responsibility​

不当 (futou): injustice, impropriety, unfair

封鎖 (fuusa): blockade

概念 (gainen): general idea, concept

現地 (genchi): actual place, local

厳密 (genmitsu): strict, close, precise

減少 (genshou): decrease, reduction, decline

原則 (gensoku): principle, general rule​

幻想 (gensou): illusions

犠牲 (gisei): victim, sacrifice, scapegoat

合成 (gousei): composition, synthesis

軍事 (gunji): military affairs​

業務 (gyoumu): business, affairs, duties

業績 (gyouseki): achievement, performance, results

把握 (haaku): grasp, catch, understanding​

阻む (habamu): to keep someone from doing, to prevent

肺 (hai): lung

配置 (haichi): arrangement, deployment

背後 (haigo): back, rear, ​background

排除 (haijo): exclusion, removal, elimination

配慮 (hairyo): consideration, concern, attention

廃止 (haishi): abolition, repeal​

破壊 (hakai): destruction, disruption​

派遣 (haken): dispatch, despatch, deployment​

白状 (hakujou): confession

繁栄 (han’ei): prosperity, thriving

反応 (hannou): reaction, response​

反乱 (hanran): insurrection, rebellion

発生 (hassei): outbreak, spring forth, occurrence

果たす (hatasu): to accomplish, to achieve

発言 (hatsugen): statement, remark

兵器 (heiki): arms, weapons, ordnance​

閉鎖 (heisa): closing, shutdown, lockout

兵士 (heishi): soldier

変動 (hendou): change, fluctuation​

変革 (henkaku): change, transformation

偏見 (henken): prejudice, narrow view​

率いる (hikiiru): to lead, to command

悲鳴 (himei): shriek, scream​

非難 (hinan): criticism, blame, reproach

避難 (hinan): taking refuge, finding shelter

貧困 (hinkon): poor, needy​

頻繁 (hinpan): frequent, incessant

疲労 (hirou): fatigue, weariness​

悲惨 (hisan): disastrous, tragic

匹敵 (hitteki): to be a match for, to rival

必然 (hitsuzen): inevitable, necessary

施す (hodokosu): to give, to do, to conduct

保護 (hogo): care, protection, shelter

保険 (hoken): insurance, guarantee​

本能 (honnou): instinct

本心 (honshin): true feelings​

本質 (honshitsu): essence, true nature

崩壊 (houkai): collapse, crumbling

放棄 (houki): abandonment, renunciation

方策 (housaku): plan, policy​

報酬 (houshuu): remuneration, recompense, reward

法廷 (houtei): courtroom

票 (hyou): vote, ballot

一部 (ichibu): one part, one portion

著しい (ichijirushii): striking, remarkable, considerable

移住 (ijuu): migration, immigration​

怒り (ikari): anger, rage, fury

一刻 (ikkoku): minute, moment, an instant​

移行 (ikou): migration, transition​

移民 (imin): emigration, immigration

痛める (itameru): to hurt, to cause pain

痛む (itamu): to hurt, to ache, to feel a pain​

意図 (ito): intention, aim, design​

営む (itonamu): to run (a business), to operate

意欲 (iyoku): will, desire, ambition

依然 (izen): still, as yet

依存 (izon): dependence, reliance​

地獄 (jigoku): hell

事業 (jigyou): enterprise, business, industry

自覚 (jikaku): self-consciousness, self-awareness​

地元 (jimoto): home area, local

迅速 (jinsoku): quick, fast, rapid, swift

実践 (jissen): practice, putting into practice

実質 (jisshitsu): substance, essence​

事前 (jizen): prior, beforehand

持続 (jizoku): continuation, persisting, lasting

助言 (jogen): advice, suggestion​

譲歩 (jouho): concession, conciliation

情熱 (jounetsu): passion, enthusiasm

上陸 (jouriku): landing, disembarkation

情勢 (jousei): state of things, state of affairs

従業員 (juugyouin): employee, worker​

柔軟 (juunan): flexible, lithe, soft, pliable​

株式 (kabushiki): stock (company)​

課題 (kadai): subject, theme, issue, matter​

開発 (kaihatsu): development, exploitation​

回避 (kaihi): evasion, avoidance​

解除 (kaijo): cancellation, release

改革 (kaikaku): reform, reformation

階級 (kaikyuu): (social) class, rank, grade​

介入 (kainyuu): intervention

賭け (kake): betting, gambling

賭ける (kakeru): to wager, to bet, to gamble

確保 (kakuho): guarantee, maintain, ensure

革命 (kakumei): revolution

確信 (kakushin): conviction, belief, confidence​

肝心 (kanjin): essential, fundamental, crucial

完璧 (kanpeki): perfect, complete, flawless​

官僚 (kanryou): bureaucrat, bureaucracy​

監視 (kanshi): monitoring, watching, observation

干渉 (kanshou): interference, intervention, meddling​

関与 (kanyo): participation, taking part in

寛容 (kanyou): tolerance, generosity

固める (katameru): to harden, to solidify

傾ける (katamukeru): to incline, to lean, to tilt

交わす (kawasu): to exchange, to intersect, to cross

軽減 (keigen): abatement, reduction​

経費 (keihi): expenses, cost, outlay​

経過 (keika): passage, expiration, progress

警戒 (keikai): vigilance, caution, alertness

経歴 (keireki): personal history, career​

経路 (keiro): course, route, means

形成 (keisei): formation, molding, taking form​

携帯 (keitai): something carried (in the hand)

権限 (kengen): power, authority, jurisdiction​

権威 (ken’i): authority, power, influence​

権力 (kenryoku): (political) power, authority

決断 (ketsudan): decision, determination​

決意 (ketsui): decision, determination

規模 (kibo): scale, scope, plan

危機 (kiki): crisis, danger, risk​

機構 (kikou): mechanism, organization

勤勉 (kinben): diligent, industrious​

緊急 (kinkyuu): urgent, pressing, emergency​

規制 (kisei): regulation, control, restriction

奇跡 (kiseki): miracle, wonder, marvel​

競う (kisou): to compete, to contest

規定 (kitei): provision, regulation, rule​

気絶 (kizetsu): faint, swoon​

築く (kizuku): to build, to construct

傷つける (kizutsukeru): to wound, to injure​

拒む (kobamu): to refuse, to reject, to decline​

​誇張 (kochou): exaggeration

孤独 (kodoku): solitude, loneliness, isolation

試みる (kokoromiru): to try, to attempt

根拠 (konkyo): basis, foundation​

個性 (kosei): individuality, personality

固定 (kotei): fixation, fixing

興奮 (koufun): excitement, stimulation, agitation

抗議 (kougi): protest, objection​

行為 (koui): act, deed, conduct​

好意 (koui): good will, favor, courtesy

公開 (koukai): making available to the public

後悔 (koukai): regret, repentance, remorse​

購入 (kounyuu): purchase, buy​

効率 (kouritsu): efficiency

交渉 (koushou): negotiations, discussions​

雇用 (koyou): employment, hire​

口調 (kuchou): tone, (verbal) expression​

苦しみ (kurushimi): pain, anguish, suffering

屈辱 (kutsujoku): disgrace, humiliation​

拒否 (kyohi): refusal, rejection, denial

極端 (kyokutan): extreme, extremity​

脅迫 (kyouhaku): threat, menace, coercion

脅威 (kyoui): threat, menace​

享受 (kyouju): reception, acceptance, enjoyment

共感 (kyoukan): sympathy, empathy, response​

教訓 (kyoukun): lesson, precept

強烈 (kyouretsu): strong, intense, severe​

共産 (kyousan): communism

強制 (kyousei): obligation, coercion, compulsion

究極 (kyuukyoku): ultimate, extreme, final

救済 (kyuusai): relief, aid, rescue

恵む (megumu): to bless, to show mercy to​

明白 (meihaku): obvious, clear, plain

明瞭 (meiryou): clarity, clearness​

名誉 (meiyo): honor, credit, prestige​

未知 (michi): not yet known, unknown

身近 (midjika): near oneself, close to one, familiar

見方 (mikata): viewpoint, point of view

源 (minamoto): source, origin, root​

満たす (mitasu): to satisfy, to fulfill, to gratify

漏らす (morasu): to let leak, to reveal​

摸索 (mosaku): groping (for), exploring for a solution

齎す (motarasu): to bring, to take, to bring about​

無実 (mujitsu): innocence, guiltlessness

無効 (mukou): invalid, no effect

無力 (muryoku): powerlessness, incompetent

悩み (nayami): trouble, worry, distress

燃料 (nenryou): fuel

熱意 (netsui): zeal, enthusiasm​

憎しみ (nikushimi): hatred

肉体 (nikutai): the body, the flesh​

担う (ninau): to carry on shoulder, to bear

認識 (ninshiki): recognition, awareness, perception

妊娠 (ninshin): conception, pregnancy​

農場 (noujou): farm (agriculture)​

覚え (oboe): memory, sense, experience​

犯す (okasu): to commit (e.g. crime)

重荷 (omoni): load, heavy burden

大幅 (oohaba): big, large, substantial

愚か (oroka): foolish, stupid​

恐れ (osore): fear, horror, anxiety

襲う (osou): to attack, to assail

訪れる (otozureru): to visit, to call on​

負う (ou): to bear, to take responsibility for

楽観 (rakkan): optimism

連中 (renchuu): company, lot, bunch

理屈 (rikutsu): theory, reason​

理性 (risei): reason, reasoning power

利息 (risoku): interest (bank)​

理論 (riron): theory

論理 (ronri): logic, logical

浪費 (rouhi): waste, extravagance​

領域 (ryouiki): area, domain, territory

良心 (ryoushin): conscience

察知 (sacchi): sense, infer​

定める (sadameru): to decide, to establish, to determine

最悪 (saiaku): the worst​

細部 (saibu): details

再生 (saisei): resuscitation, regeneration

採用 (saiyou): use, adoption, acceptance​

最善 (saizen): the very best, utmost​

栄える (sakaeru): to prosper, to flourish​

作戦 (sakusen): tactics, strategy​

悟る (satoru): to perceive, to sense, to understand

世代 (sedai): generation, the world, the age​

征服 (seifuku): conquest, subjugation

制服 (seifuku): uniform

正義 (seigi): justice, right, righteousness

誠実 (seijitsu): sincere, honest, faithful​

成熟 (seijuku): maturity, ripeness​

成果 (seika): fruits (of one’s labors), accomplishment

政権 (seiken): (political) administration, political power​

政策 (seisaku): political measures, policy​

正当 (seitou): just, justifiable, right

選挙 (senkyo): election

戦略 (senryaku): strategy, tactics​

占領 (senryou): occupying, possession, capture

戦闘 (sentou): battle, fight, combat​

専用 (senyou): exclusive use, personal use

接触 (sesshoku): touch, contact​

設定 (settei): establishment, creation, setting

説得 (settoku): persuasion

設立 (setsuritsu): establishment, founding

死 (shi): death, decease​

強いる (shiiru): to force, to compel, to coerce​

支持 (shiji): support, holding up, backing

指示 (shiji): instructions, directions, ​indication

資格 (shikaku): qualifications, requirements

指揮 (shiki): command, direction​

資金 (shikin): funds, capital​

仕組み (shikumi): structure, construction

使命 (shimei): mission, errand​, task

辛抱 (shinbou): patience, endurance​

進化 (shinka): evolution, progress​

侵略 (shinryaku): aggression, invasion

思考 (shikou): thought, consideration, thinking​

真実 (shinjitsu): truth, reality​

真理 (shinri): truth

真相 (shinsou): truth, real situation​

進展 (shinten): progress, development​

資産 (shisan): property, fortune, assets

視線 (shisen): one’s line of sight, one’s gaze

指摘 (shiteki): pointing out, identification​

嫉妬 (shitto): jealousy, envy​

視野 (shiya): field of vision, outlook​

処分 (shobun): disposal, dealing (with a problem)

職務 (shokumu): professional duties​

所得 (shotoku): income, earnings​

象徴 (shouchou): symbol

衝動 (shoudou): impulse, impetus, urge​

生涯 (shougai): one’s lifetime

証言 (shougen): testimony, (verbal) evidence​

証拠 (shouko): evidence, proof​

照明 (shoumei): illumination, lighting​

消滅 (shoumetsu): extinction, extinguishment

奨励 (shourei): encouragement, promotion

詳細 (shousai): detail, particulars​

昇進 (shoushin): promotion, advancement

少数 (shousuu): minority, few​

正体 (shoutai): true character, true form

勝利 (shouri): victory, triumph, win

所有 (shoyuu): one’s possessions, ownership​

主導 (shudou): leadership, initiative, spearhead​

守衛 (shuei): security guard, doorkeeper​

手法 (shuhou): technique, method​

収集 (shuushuu): gathering up, collection

収益 (shuueki): earnings, proceeds, returns

措置 (sochi): measure, measures, step​

損なう (sokonau): to harm, to hurt, to injure

促進 (sokushin): promotion, acceleration

染まる (somaru): to be dyed​, to be tainted, to be infected

即座に (sokuza ni): immediately, right away

阻止 (soshi): obstruction, check, hindrance

備わる (sonawaru): to be furnished with, to be equipped with​

損失 (sonshitsu): loss (e.g. assets or profits)​

訴訟 (soshou): liftigation, lawsuit​

装備 (soubi): equipment

捜査 (sousa): search, investigation

創造 (souzou): creation

遂行 (suikou): accomplishment, execution​

衰退 (suitai): decline, degeneration, decay

推進 (suishin): propulsion, drive​, promotion

好く (suku): to like, to love

体験 (taiken): personal experience, physical experience

対応 (taiou): correspondence, coping with

態勢 (taisei): attitude, posture, preparedness

対処 (taisho): dealing with, coping with

退職 (taishoku): retirement, resignation​

大衆 (taishuu): general public, the masses​

高まる (takamaru): to rise, to swell

企む (takuramu): to scheme, to plan, to conspire

保つ (tamotsu): to keep, to preserve, to maintain

達成 (tassei): achievement

提供 (teikyou): offer, provisioning, supply​

停滞 (teitai): stagnation, tie-up, congestion

手順 (tejun): process, procedure, sequence

適応 (tekiou): adaptation, accommodation

展示 (tenji): exhibition, display​

天井 (tenjou): ceiling, ceiling price​

転換 (tenkan): conversion, changeover

点検 (tenken): inspection, examination, checking​

天才 (tensai): genius, prodigy

手遅れ (teokure): being (too) late​

扉 (tobira): door, gate, opening​

乏しい (toboshii): meagre, scarce, lacking

特権 (tokken): privilege, special right​

富 (tomi): riches, wealth, fortune​

富む (tomu): to be rich in, to abound in

突破 (toppa): breaking through, penetration​

取引 (torihiki): transactions, dealings

整える (totonoeru): to put in order, to adjust​

統合 (tougou): integration, unification, synthesis​

投入 (tounyuu): throwing into, inserting

討論 (touron): debate, discussion​

統制 (tousei): regulation, control​

投資 (toushi): investment

到達 (toutatsu): reaching, attaining, arrival​

告げる (tsugeru): to tell, to inform

追求 (tsuikyuu): pursuit (of a goal, ideal, etc.)

追跡 (tsuiseki): chase, pursuit, tracing

費やす (tsuiyasu): to spend, to consume

募る (tsunoru): to grow violent, to become stronger

通常 (tsuujou): common, general, normal, usual​

強まる (tsuyomaru): to get strong, to gain strength​

打ち明ける (uchiakeru): to confide, to reveal

動き (ugoki): movement, move, motion​

促す (unagasu): to urge, to press, to prompt

運営 (un’ei): management, administration

運命 (unmei): fate, destiny

運用 (unyou): making use of, application

薄れる (usureru): to fade, to become dim​

罠 (wana): snare, trap

闇 (yami): darkness, the dark

野心 (yashin): ambition, aspiration​

養う (yashinau): to support, to provide for

余地 (yochi): place, room, margin

予感 (yokan): presentiment, premonition, hunch​

欲望 (yokubou): desire, appetite, lust​

抑制 (yokusei): control, restraint, suppression

要因 (youin): main cause, primary factor​

用件 (youken): business, thing to be done

要請 (yousei): appeal, request, demand

要する (you suru): to need, to demand, to require

弱める (yowameru): to weaken​

勇敢 (yuukan): brave, heroic, gallant​

優先 (yuusen): preference, priority

融資 (yuushi): financing, loan​

有する (yuusuru): to own, to be endowed with​

誘惑 (yuuwaku): temptation, allurement

財政 (zaisei): public finance, financial affairs

残酷 (zankoku): cruelty, harshness​

前提 (zentei): preamble, premise, reason

絶望 (zetsubou): despair, hopelessness​

増強 (zoukyou): augment, reinforce, increase​

Chapter 1 日本のこんなところがおかしい? 交通や町並みに関する疑問
・1「なぜ日本の電車は時間に正確なの?

技術力が高いことが一つの理由だろうね

日本人は概して時間に正確なんだ

金さんは時間通りにスケジュールを調整するのが大変に違いないと思うよ

時間を厳守することは日本人にとって重要なんだ

 

・2「ぎゅうぎゅう詰めになった満員電車で本当にあるの

ーラッシュアワーに使用駅に行ければ分かるよ

ー東京のマイン電車ほかのエリアを比べると比較にならないよ

ー人の間に挟まれて中に浮いている人を見たことがあるよ

ー日本で電車に人が詰め込められたニュースがテレビで報道されている国もあるよ


・3「日本の電車はどうしてこんなに広告が多いの?」

ー日本人は初期を見逃しいしたきしないんだ

ー電車広告からも芸能人の語しっぽ知るんだよ

ースマホ忘れな時の暇つぶしなんだ

ー段に鉄道会社儲けたいためだよ

 

・4「日本の電車の中では電話で話すことが禁止されているの」

 

・5「なぜこんなに電車の路線が複雑なの」

・6「一人で電車にのっている子どもを見たよ。日本ではよくあることなの」

・7「多くの日本人が電車の中で眠っているのはなぜ」

・8「日本のタクシーはなぜ自動ドアなの」

・9「なぜの本の車はみんなピカピカに光るぼどきれいなの」

・10「どうして日本には小さい車がたくさんあるの」

・11「渋谷のスクランブル交差点にはなぜあんなに人が多いの」

・12「なぜ日本のタクシーはあんなに高いの」

・13「ホテルや病院には部屋番号に4がないものがあると聞いたよ。どうして」

・14「エスカレータでは右側に立つべきなの」

・15「なぜハチ公の像が人気の待ち合わせ場所なの?ハチ公って何」

・16「日本の道はなぜ狭いの」

・17「なぜ日本にはこんなにたくさん桜の木があるの」

・18「Chapter 2 信じられない!? 素晴らしすぎるよ日本・日本人 / コンビニにはバラエティーに富んだ商品が売られているけど、これは一般的なの?」

・「日本のトイレがすごくハイテクなのはなぜ?」

・「日本ではなぜポケットティッシュが無料で配られているの?」

・「」

・「」

・「」

・「」

・「」

・「」

 

・「」


・多くの日本人が電車の中で眠っているのはなぜ?


・日本のタクシーはなぜ自動ドアなの?


・渋谷のスクランブル交差点にはなぜあんなに人が多いの? など

・28 「なんで、ゴミの分別するルールはこんなに細かいの?」

ー再利用とできることとできないことを区別するためだよ

ー家でごみを分別することはごみ処理の日おさがりつながりよ

ー温室効果ガスの排出最初のステップはごみを減らすことだよ

ーそんなこと思ったことはないよ、あなたの国ではもっと簡単なの?

・28 「」

・28 「」

・28 「」

・28 「」

Chapter 2 信じられない!? 素晴らしすぎるよ日本・日本人

・「コンビニにはバラエティーに富んだ商品が売られているけど、これは一般的なの?」

ーーーー

・「日本のトイレがすごくハイテクなのはなぜ?」

ーーーー

・「日本ではなぜポケットティッシュが無料で配られているの?」

ーーーー

・「なぜ日本の歩行者は周りに車がいなくても信号を守るの?」

ーーーー

・「日本ではなぜ、なくした財布が持ち主のもとに戻ってくるの?」

ーーーー

・「日本人はみな読み書きができるの?」

ーーーー

・「どうして日本のホームレスは路上で物乞いをしないの?」

ーーーー

・「なぜ日本人は時間にうるさいの?」

ーーーー

・「日本はなぜゴミ箱がなくても街がキレイなの?」

ーーーー

・「日本の学校では生徒が掃除をするって本当?」

ーーーー

・「なんでゴミの分別のルールがこんなに細かいの?」

ーーーー

・「日本ではほとんど何でも自動販売機で買うことができるってほんと?」

ーーーー

・「日本では水道水がそのまま飲めるのはなぜ?」

ーーーー

・「なぜアルコールをどこでも飲むことができるの?」

ーーーー

 

Chapter 3 What does Itadakimasu mean? 食事に関わる質問

・「」

ーーーー

・「なぜ日本にはベジタリアン向けのレストランが少ないの?」

ーーーー

・「日本人が麺を食べるときに音を立てるのはなぜ?」

ーーーー

・「なぜ「とりあえずビール」と言うの?」

ーーーー

・「日本にはなぜ飲み放題のお店が多いの?」

ーーーー

・「なぜ日本にはこんなに喫茶店が多いの?」

ーーーー

・「なぜ日本にはまずい店があまりないの?」

ーーーー

・「どうして日本のお菓子はどれもおいしいの?」

ーーーー

・「どうして日本の果物はこんなにおいしいの?」

ーーーー

・「日本ではなぜこんなにピザが高いの?」

ーーーー

・「日本人は毎日寿司を食べるの?」

ーーーー

・「日本人はなぜ生魚を好んで食べるの?」

ーーーー

・「日本人はどうして生卵を食べるの?」

ーーーー

・「レストランでウエットタオルが出てくるのはなぜ?」

ーーーー

・「飲み会のとき、相手の飲み物を注ぐのはなぜ?」

ーーーー

・「「いただきます」ってどういう意味?」

ーーーー

・「「ごちそうさま」ってどういう意味なの?」

ーーーー

・「日本では歩きながら食べるのは不作法なの?」

ーーーー

・「なぜ日本人はウイスキーを水割りにするの?」

ーーーー

・「なぜ日本人は味噌や漬け物、納豆のような強い臭いの食べ物が好きなの?」

ーーーー

・「そばとうどんとラーメンの違いは何?」

ーーーー

・「とんこつって何?」

ーーーー

・「日本のラーメンは中華料理じゃないの?」

ーーーー

・「日本にはなぜあんなにたくさんの種類の缶コーヒーがあるの?」

ーーーー

・「お通しって何?」

ーーーー

・「別腹って何?」

ーーーー

・「だしって何?」

ーーーー

・「お箸の使い方を教えて。」

ーーーー

 

Chapter 4 日本のコレ、英語で説明できますか?

・60「 だるまって何?」

ーーーー

・61「てるてる坊主って何? 」

ーーーー

 

・62「 なぜ日本人は折り紙が好きなの?」

ーーーー

・63「 千羽鶴って何?」

ーーーー

・64「 こいのぼりって何?」

ーーーー

・65「 カプセルホテルって何?」

ーーーー

・66「おみくじって何? 」

ーーーー

・67「書道って何?」

ーーーー


・68「どうして正座で座れるの? 座るのが難しいし、痛いよ。」「せいざ」「すわる」

ー体育の授業、特に武道「ぶどう」授業で正座で座ることがあるから慣れているんだ

ー座れるけど

ー僕も 大変なんだよね

・土下座って何?
・なぜ力士はみな太ってるの?
・忘年会って何? など

 

 

・69「こたつって何?」

ーーーー

・70「初詣って何?」

ーーーー

・71「節分って何?」

ーーーー

・72「メイドカフェって何?」

ーーーー

・73「コスプレって何?」

ーーーー

・74「七五三って何?」

ーーーー

・75「和紙って何?」

ーーーー

・76「パチンコって何? 合法なの?」「ごうほう」

ー日本ではギャンブルは刑法「けいほう」で禁「きん」じられているんだ

criminal code

ーお店から調節価値分を受け取るわけではないのでパチンコは合法的にはギャンブルではないよーー

get profit directily from the shop

ーパチンコって活動金や銀など景品をもらえるんだ

giveaway

 

 

Chapter 5 日本で働く外国人から聞かれる ビジネス関連の質問
・日本人はなぜラッシュアワーの電車に乗って通勤するの?
・日本人はなぜ長時間働くの?
・日本人がお客を見送るとき、客が見えなくなるまで頭を下げ続けるのはなぜ?
・なぜ日本のサラリーマンたちは仕事の後も一緒につるんでいるの?
・何時から何時まで仕事してるの? など

 

・83「なぜ力士はみな太ってるの?」

・「」ーーーーーーー

・「」ーーーーーーー

・「」ーーーーーーー

・87「日本人はなぜ長時間働くの?」ーーーーーーー

・88「日本人がお客を見送るとき、客が見えなくなるまで頭を下げ続けるのはなぜ?」ーーーーーーー

・89「なぜ日本のサラリーマンたちは仕事の後も一緒につるんでいるの?」ーーーーーーー

・90「なぜ日本人は取引先や顧客とゴルフをするの?」ーーーーーーー

・「」ーーーーーーー

・91「1年に取れる休暇はどのくらい?」

ー土曜日日曜日祝日合わせて百二十に近く休日があるよ「しゅくじつ」「きゅうじつ」

many people take 10 day's paid holiday in a year

ー多くの人は一年で十日間の有給休暇を取らないんだ「とおか」「ゆうきゅうきゅうか」

ー連休としては正月「しょうがつ」休みゴールデンウイークが一般だけどどれも五日「いつか」間くらい「れんきゅう」

as for consecuutive dayoff , but those are all around 5 days

ー学生はおよそ四週間の夏休みを過ごすんだ approximatively

 

・92「何時から何時まで仕事してるの?」

ー職業によって違うかな

ーは形は九時に仕事を始めて六時ごろ終えることが多いよ

ー残業で八時や十時或いはもっと遅くまで仕事をしている人もいるよ

ー近年過労死が社会問題になっているんだ「きんねん」「かろうし」

 

・93「」

 

 

 

 

Chapter 6 日本の情勢や一般常識に関する疑問
・日本で一番人気のあるスポーツは何?
・なぜ日本の若者は選挙に興味がないの?
・なぜ日本人は長生きなの?
・忍者はどこで見ることができるの?
・お年寄りの方がコンビニで働いているのを見たよ。日本では一般的なの? など

Chapter 7 ここが変だよ日本人! 日本人のこんなところがユニークです
・日本人はなぜメガネをかけるのが好きなの?
・多くの人が本にカバーをつけて読んでいるのはどうして?
・日本人はなぜプレゼントの包装紙を丁寧にはがすの?
・日本人の学生はなぜ授業中に寝ているの?
・なぜ日本の人たちは料理の写真を撮るのが好きなの? など

Chapter 8 普段僕らが普通にしていること、彼らにとっては疑問です
・日本人はなぜマスクをしている人が多いの?
・日本人はなぜ大人でもマンガを読むの?
・会計のときに明細を細かく確認しない日本人が多いのはなぜ?
・なぜ日本人は人の血液型を聞くのが好きなの?
・どうして多くの人がクリスマスにフライドチキンを食べるの? など

Chapter 9 日本語でも説明できないかも? 日本の伝統文化
・多くの日本人は宗教を持たないと聞いたよ。本当?
・神社とお寺の違いは何?
・なぜ相撲の力士は試合のときにあんなにたくさんの塩を宙にまくの?
・日本の国旗のデザインにはどんな意味があるの?
・なぜ紅白は縁起のいい色なの? など

Chapter 10 どこで知ったか、意外に聞かれます 日本の迷信・慣習・ルール・マナー
・なぜ日本の名前は姓・名の順序なの?
・なぜ畳のふちを踏んではいけないの?
・北枕で寝てはいけないのはどうして?
・お箸をごはんに突き立てるのはマナー違反?
・日本では夜、爪を切ってはいけないって本当? など

Chapter 11 日本に来て困ったこと
・多くの日本人があまり英語を話さないのはどうしてなの?
・日本人は自分の意見を言いたがらない人が多いと思うんだけど、どう思う?
・なぜ日本では、タトゥーがあると銭湯や温泉に入れないの?
・なぜ日本にはフリーWi-Fiが少ないの?
・日本ではクレジットカードを使えるお店が少ないって本当? など

 

 

1日
 ついたち
 
2日
 ふつか
 
3日
 みっか
 
4日
 よっか
 
5日
 いつか
 
6日
 むいか
 
7日
 なのか
 
8日
 ようか
 
9日
 ここのか
 
10日
 とおか

2022/01/09
公子沈

说实话,我个人觉得美国是韩国的爹般的存在,虽然中国是韩国最大的贸易供应商,而且包括各种援助各种协商合作,尤其是经济体裁的一致。他们对韩国非常友好,这些从资本主义的角度来说都是理所当然的,但有句话说得好,道不同不相为谋,我觉得这是韩国貌似站在美国那边的原因。

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2022/01/09
일본어 N2 단어

p56-p58

 

千と千尋の神隠し6

構造 こうぞう そと 大人 おとな
命じる めいじる 純粋 じゅんすい 少年 しょうねん
血まみれ ちまみれ 怖がられている人   小さい ちいさい
答える こたえる おにぎり 주먹밥 渡す わたす
奪われる うばわれる 風ふう 모습 溺れかける おぼれかける
助ける たすける 辻褄 つじつま 倒れる たおれる
はっきり 확실히 言い切れない 단정할 수 없다 歌詞 かし
過去 かこ 物語 ものがたり 飛ぶ とぶ
許す ゆるす 化身 けしん 割と わると비교적
伸びる のびる 落ちて拾う おちてひろう かた
はだか 幼い おさない かわ
上半身 じょうはんしん 矛盾 むじゅん 一体 いったい
強調 きょうちょう 語る はたる 作家 さっか
おか언덕 構図 こうず 鉄道 てつどう
宮崎駿 みやざきはやお        
           
           
           

ddd

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returnType

resultSet
Setter 쿼리문

 

 

board-mapping.xml

mapper namespace=""

<insert id=""

 

 

sql-map-config.xml

<properties

<typeAliases (객체명)

DataSource 설정

<environments

Sql Mapper 설정

<mapperss

 

 

<dataSource type type="POOLED" // pooled 필요할 때마다 생성해서 보내준다 vs unpooled

 

SqlSession 

SqlSessionFactoryBean.java

private 클래스 안에서만 이용가능

static 메모리 공유

그래서 getSqlSession

객체 하나만 생성해서 돌려주는거 = Singleton Pattern

Reader 객체 - 문자 String을 읽어오는 추상 클래스 [ Resources에서 제공하는 getResourceAsReader를 통해 ("")경로를 읽어온다 ]

읽어온 객체를 sessiionFactory에 담았다

 

그래서 getSqlSessionInstance()를 통해 SqlSession을 반환다.

 

 

BoardDAO

SqlSession 객체로 만든 mybatis객체 만든다

클래스명으로 접근 가능한 이유 : static이라

insertBoard(BoardVO vo){

mybatis.insert("BoardDAO.insertBoard", vo);

mybatis.commit(); // 현재 자동 commit 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 


1. https://sourceforge.net/projects/java-orm-plugin/

2. Java ORM Plugin for Eclipse > Download > JavaORMPlugin.zip파일(69kb) 다운로드 

3. zip파일 압축 해제 > JavaORMPlugin/plugins > JavaORMPlugin_1.0.0.201411180016.jar 만 복사

4. C:/sts-bundle/sts-3.9.13.RELEASE/plugins 폴더 안에 JavaORMPlugin_1.0.0.201411180016.jar파일

   붙여넣기

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red pill の出典は、1999年に公開され大ヒットしたアメリカ映画「マトリックス(The Matrix)」である。


映画の中で、主人公のネオが、モーフィアスという名の反乱組織のリーダーに次のように、青の錠剤(blue pill)か赤の錠剤(red pill)のどちらを飲むか選択を迫られる場面がある。



モーフィアス


You take the blue pill - the story ends, you wake up in your bed and believe whatever you want to believe. You take the red pill - you stay in Wonderland, and I show you how deep the rabbit hole goes.


青を飲めば、ここで終わる。ベッドで目覚め、あとは好きに。赤を飲めば、このまま不思議の国の正体をのぞかせてやろう。

(映画内字幕より)













 

질문: 아직 궁금증이 해소되지 않는데요.. 저는 군대에서 굉장한 괴롭힘을 받았습니다. 아직도 그 기억때문에 꿈에서도 일상생활을 하면서도 시달려요. 그러면서 생긴 궁금증이 왜 .. 살기 좋아진 세상에서도 끊임없는 전쟁 .. 징병제가 사라지지 않는 걸까 . 남자가 군대를 간게 여자들을 위한 배려라고 했는데.. 징병제를 만들기 전 . 전쟁 그 자체가 한 남성의 권위.. 정치욕심으로 인해 만들어진게 아닌가요? 저의 화를 누군가에게 해소는 해야하는데 그게 여자는 아닌 것 같더라구요. 꼭 엄청 오래전으로 거슬러가겠죠,
RedPill 답변: 전쟁이 남자탓이란 페미니즘의 프레임이군요. 그 전쟁에서 얻는 이득을 여자들도 나눠가지지 않았나요? 궁금증을 위해 첨언하면 모든 전쟁이 반드시 나쁘지는 않습니다, 전쟁이란 게 단순히 '정치 욕심'으로 인해 발생하는 것도 아니며, 여자가 권력을 잡는다고 전쟁이 없어지는 것도 아닙니다. 전쟁은 생존의 문제이기도 했고, 질서의 문제이기도 했습니다. 더 많은 식민지를 개척하고 더 큰 부를 얻기 위한 전쟁도 결국 패권을 쥐기 위함이고, 패권을 쥐고자 하는 건 자국민들이 부자가 되고, 살기 좋아지고, 타국에게 더 큰 영향력을 행사하고, 결론적으로 좋은 것들을 누리기 위해서죠. 우리가 지금 인류 역사상 보기 드문 장기간의 평화를 누리는 건 석유와 발견과 식량기술, 무기, 교통, 통신, 에너지의 비약적인 혁신 덕분에 가능한 것이지(이것 또한 아이러니 하게 전쟁을 통해 급발전했습니다) 갑자기 인류가 고상해져서 평화를 유지하는 게 아닙니다. 그리고 살기 좋아진 세상이라고 하셨는데, 냉정하게 역사를 돌이켜봤을 때 그 살기 좋은 것들 뒤에는 피바다가 된 전쟁터들이 있었습니다. 또 지금의 평화 유지도 군대가 있기 때문에 가능합니다. 저도 군복무를 한 사람으로 님이 겪었던 일이 어땠을 지 짐작이 갑니다. 그러나 님이 분노해야 할 대상은 군대유지에 불필요한 가혹행위를 한 특정 가해자들이지 '남성'이 아니라고 생각됩니다. 사실 요즘 2030 여자들은 님의 그런 희생 덕분에 온갖 좋은 것들을 누리고 있으면서 님과 우리 같은 사람들을 집지키는 개라 그러고, 군대에서 희생당한 사람들에 대한 보상에 대해 대놓고 반대를 하고 있죠, 님이나 저의 희생을 아주 당연하게 여기면서요. 님은 님이 겪은 문제의 원인이 '미개한 남성성' 때문이라고 생각하시는 것 같은데, 그렇다면 오히려 고상하신 여자들이 군대에 와서 이런 미개함을 중화시켜야 옳은 것 아닐까요? 여자들도 징병이 됐으면 군대와 맞지 않는 남자들은 징병에서 제외되었을 것이고 님이 면제를 받았을 수도 있겠죠. 징병 되었다고 하더라도, 여자들이 군대에 오면 이상한 가혹 행위들, 남성적인 미개한 행동들이 많이 사라지도록 영향을 받았을 텐데요. 그렇게 보면 군대를 바득바득 안 가려고 하는 여자들도, 국가적 의무와 책임을 면제받는 특혜를 유지하려고 애쓰는 사람들도 원망의 대상이 아닌지요? 그럼에도 님이 여자를 분노의 대상으로 삼지 않는 건 님도 무의식적으로 '군대의 역할'과 '가혹행위로 인한 피해'를 분리해서 인식하고 있기 때문이 아닐까요? 마찬가지로 남성과 가해자를 분리해서 볼 수 있으리라 생각합니다. 군대 관련 트라우마로 고생하는 사람들이 적지 않습니다. 그럼에도 2년 잘 버텨주신 것에 대해 같은 군필자로서, 동료 시민으로서 감사드리며, 천천히라도 극복이 가능하시길 진심으로 바랍니다.

 

양심적 벙역거부자

 

양심적 병역거부자, 26일부터 교도소 등 36개월간 복무

[뉴스토마토 백주아 기자] 종교적 신앙 등 양심적 병역 거부자들에 대한 대체복무가 오는 26일부터 실시된다. 대체복무자들은 교도소나 구치소 등 교정기관에서 36개월간 합숙 복무를 할 예정이

www.newstomato.com

武器を使用する施設防護業務や強制力が動員される戒護業務は良心の自由を侵害する恐れがあるため、除外した」としながらも、「制度が履行される過程で国民的合意がなされる場合、今後、他の機関への拡大も必要ではないかと思う」と述べた。

中国政府が食料備蓄求め買占め騒動「戦争準備では」

 

中国政府が食料備蓄求め買占め騒動「戦争準備では」

 政府による食料備蓄の呼び掛けが買い占め騒動に発展しました。  中国商務省は1日、「突発の状況に備えるため」として、食料などの生活必需品を備蓄するよう国民に呼び掛けました。

news.tv-asahi.co.jp

 

中国商務省は1日、「突発の状況に備えるため」として、食料などの生活必需品を備蓄するよう国民に呼び掛けました。

 

すると、ネット上では「台湾との戦争の準備では」といった見方が広がり、各地のスーパーなどでは食料の買い占めが発生しました。

 

混乱を受け、国営メディアは備蓄の目的が新型コロナへの備えであり「行き過ぎた想像をすべきでない」と呼び掛けました。


商務省も「食料品の供給量は十分だ」と改めて説明し混乱の収拾を急いでいます。

 

 


 

中国が台湾首相らを制裁 欧米との急接近をけん制

 

中国が台湾首相らを制裁 欧米との急接近をけん制

 中国政府は、台湾の首相にあたる蘇貞昌行政院長らに対し、中国への訪問禁止などの制裁措置を取ると発表しました。「台湾独立を図った」と非難しています。  中国で台湾を担当する国

news.tv-asahi.co.jp

中国で台湾を担当する国務院台湾事務所は5日に制裁措置を発表し、台湾の蘇貞昌行政院長、国会議長にあたる游錫コン立法院長、外相にあたる呉ショウ燮外交部長の3人とその家族を対象に、中国本土と香港、マカオへの訪問を禁じるとしました。

 3人が関係する機関が中国本土の関連組織や個人と協力することも制限します。

 3人を「台湾独立勢力」と非難し、「対立をあおり悪質な言動で独立を図った」などと指摘しました。

 

 


 

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한중의 관계가 악화된 이유

제한령限韩令

공자孔子

사드萨德

홍콩香港

대만台湾

 

中国人は人数多いからな~めっちゃ商売になる

 

 

 

 

三胎政策

https://news.tv-asahi.co.jp/news_international/articles/000226228.html

 

中国「三人っ子政策」決定 少子化に歯止めかからず

 中国政府は夫婦に3人までの出産を認める法改正を正式に決定しました。  国営新華社通信によりますと、全国人民代表大会の常務委員会は20日、人口・計画出産法の改正を決定しました。

news.tv-asahi.co.jp

中国政府は夫婦に3人までの出産を認める法改正を正式に決定しました。

夫婦に3人までの出産を認めるとしたうえで、国が住宅や教育などで支援措置を講じ家庭の負担を軽減するとしています。

「長期的かつバランスの取れた人口の発展を促す重大な措置だ」と強調しています。

 中国では2016年に「一人っ子政策」が廃止されましたが、教育費の高騰などで出産をためらう若い夫婦が多く、少子化には歯止めが掛かっていません。

 


https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/376882701

 

三胎政策来了,但是不够啊

三胎政策来了,正式官宣落地! 没想到,给孩子准备的六一儿童节惊喜,居然是弟弟妹妹。 首先,开放三胎政策肯定是正确的,这毫无疑问是一个正确的政策方向。 但我觉得,政策的开放力度

zhuanlan.zhihu.com

 

ddd

인생은 선택의 연속이라는 말을 좋아합니다. 어렸을 때부터 결과는 과정에 의해 결정된다고 믿어왔습니다. 하지만 어느 순간 과정에 아무리 착실했다고 할지라도 원하지 않은 결과를 도래하는 상황은 적지 않게 발견하게 되었습니다. 저의 인생관은 후회하지 않는 것입니다. 어떤 선택을 하든 내가 내린 결정이면 끝까지 마무리하고, 이에 따른 결과가 어떠하든 견고한 마음으로 받아들이고 또 다른 선택을 맞을 준비를 하는 것입니다. 자기 자신을 좀 더 믿고 과거에 얽매여서 앞으로 더 할 수 있는 것을 놓치게 되는 상황을 초래하지 않는 것, 그것에 제가 지금까지 지키고자 하는 저의 인생관이라고 생각합니다.


人生は選択の連続という言葉が好きです。 幼い頃から結果はそこに至るまでの過程によって決まると信じてきました。 しかし、どんなに着実な努力を積み重ねても、望まない結果になる事が少なからずありました。 私の人生観は後悔しないことです。 どんな選択をするにしても、私が下した決定であれば、最後まで努力して、どんな結果になっても強固な心で受け入れて、また他の選択に向けた準備をすることです。 自分自身をもっと信じて過去に縛られて新しい機会を逃すようにしないこと、それが今まで守ってきた私の人生観だと思います。


「人生は選択の連続という言葉が好きです。 幼い頃から結果は過程によって決まると信じてきました。 しかし、いつの間にか、どんなに着実に行なって来ても、望ましくない結果になった場合は少なからずありました。 私の人生観は後悔しないことです。 どんな選択をするにしても、私が下した決定であれば最後までそれを追求して、その結果がどうであれ強固な心で受け入れて、また他の選択を行なう準備をすることです。 自分自身をもっと信じて過去に縛られて将来、より良い選択を行なう機会を逃すようになる状況を招かないこと、こそが私が今まで守ってきた私の人生観だと思います。」


私の人生においてのモットーは、「何事においても後悔しないこと」です。
幼い頃から、結果はその過程によって決まると信じ、自分で一度決めた事は、いかなる選択をしたとしても、最後までやり遂げることを心掛けてきました。
しかし、どんなに着実に取り組んだ事でも、ときには望ましくない結果に至る事も少なからずありました。
私は常に、如何なる結果も真摯に受け止め、問題があった場合には、「なぜ問題が起きたのか」原因を分析し、解決策のプランを立て、問題の改善に努めております。(努めてきました)
また、私はシェイクスピアの「人生は選択の連続である」という言葉が好きです。
日常生活においても、常日頃から物事を俯瞰し複数の選択肢を検討するという思考法を身に付けることで、自分なりに、より納得感のある意思決定ができるのではないかと考えております。
過去に(過去の失敗や問題に)囚われ、チャンスを逃し、可能性を失い、後悔するような状況を招かない為にも、今まで培ってきた自分自身の知識と経験を信じて活かし、あらゆる事にチャレンジしていく中で、自信を持って、より沢山の良い選択ができるような人生を送りたい。これが、私が大切にしている人生観です。


「人生は選択の連続という言葉が好きです。 幼い頃から結果は過程によって決まると信じてきました。 しかし、いつの間にか、どんなに着実に努力しても、望まない結果になる状況は少なからずありました。 私の人生観は後悔しないことです。 どんな選択をするにしても、私が下した決定であれば最後までやり遂げ、それによる結果がどうであれ堅固な心で受け入れて、また次のの選択をし受け入れる準備をするだけです。 自分自身をより信じ,過去に縛られこれからの可能性を潰す,これから来るチャンスを逃すような状況を招かないこと、それに私が今まで守ってきた私の人生観だと思います。」

I like the word "life is a series of choices." Since I was young, I have believed that results depend on the process. But before I knew it, no matter how hard I tried, there were many situations where I didn't want to get results. My view of life is not to regret it. Whatever choice I make, if it's a decision I've made, I'll just stick to it, accept it with a firm heart, and be prepared to make the next choice and accept it. I think it's my view of life that I believe in myself more, that I'm bound by the past, that I'm going to lose my chance in the future, and that I've always protected.

 

着実であったとしても→着実に行なって来ても
欲しくない結果が到来する状況が到来する→望ましくない結果になった場合
仕上げて→それを追求して
これによる結果→その結果
他の選択を受ける→他の選択を行なう
これからもっとできることを→将来、より良い選択を行なう機会を
それに私が→それ(こそ)が私が

 

 

ご指摘ありがとうございます

 

 

 

私の人生においてのモットーは、「何事においても後悔しないこと」です。
幼い頃から、結果はその過程によって決まると信じ、自分で一度決めた事は、いかなる選択をしたとしても、最後までやり遂げることを心掛けてきました。
しかし、どんなに着実に取り組んだ事でも、ときには望ましくない結果に至る事も少なからずありました。
私は常に、如何なる結果も真摯に受け止め、問題があった場合には、「なぜ問題が起きたのか」原因を分析し、解決策のプランを立て、問題の改善に努めてきました
また、私はシェイクスピアの「人生は選択の連続である」という言葉が好きです。
日常生活においても、常日頃から物事を俯瞰し複数の選択肢を検討するという思考法を身に付けることで、自分なりに、より納得感のある意思決定ができるのではないかと考えております。
過去の失敗や問題に囚われ、チャンスを逃し、可能性を失い、後悔するような状況を招かない為にも、今まで培ってきた自分自身の知識と経験を信じて活かし、あらゆる事にチャレンジしていく中で、自信を持って、より沢山の良い選択ができるような人生を送りたい。これが、私が大切にしている人生観です。

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package test;

public class Gong implements People {
	public void eyesOn(){
		System.out.println("Gong eyesOn메소드 샐행");
	}
	public void eyesOff(){
		System.out.println("Gong eyesOff메소드 샐행");
	}
}
//-----------------------------------------
package test;

public class Dong implements People {
	public void eyesOn(){
		System.out.println("Dong eyesOn메소드 샐행");
	}
	public void eyesOff(){
		System.out.println("Dong eyesOff메소드 샐행");
	}
}

 

package test;
public interface People {
	void eyesOn();
	void eyesOff();
}

 

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
	xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
	xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd">

	<bean id="pD" class="test.Dong" /> 
	<bean id="pG" class="test.Gong" /> 
	<!-- lazy-init="true" init-method="initM" destroy-method="destroyM" -->

</beans>

 

package test;
import org.springframework.context.support.AbstractApplicationContext;
import org.springframework.context.support.GenericXmlApplicationContext;
import polymorphism.TV;
public class PeopleClient {
	public static void main(String[] args) {
		AbstractApplicationContext a = new GenericXmlApplicationContext("test/testContext.xml");
//		BeanFactory factory = new BeanFactory();
		People pd = (People) a.getBean("pD"); // Spring 자동 제공
		People pg = (People) a.getBean("pG"); // Spring 자동 제공
		pd.eyesOff();
		pd.eyesOn();
		pg.eyesOn();
		pg.eyesOn();
        p = (People) a.getBean("pD"); // Spring 자동 제공
        p.eyesOn();
		p.eyesOn();
		a.close();
	}
}

객체를 얻어온다.


package com.springbook.ioc.injection;
import java.util.Map;
public class CollectionBean {
	private List<String> addressList;
	private Set<String> addressList;
	private Map<String, String> addressList;
	private Properties addressList;

	// List 타입 매핑
	public void setAddressList(List<String> addressList) {
		this.addressList = addressList;
	}

	public List<String> getAddressList() {
		return addressList;
	}

	// Set 타입 매핑
	public void setAddressList(Set<String> addressList) {
		this.addressList = addressList;
	}
	public Set<String> getAddressList() {
		return addressList;
	}

	// Map 타입 매핑
	public void setAddressList(Map<String, String> addressList) {
		this.addressList = addressList;
	}
	public Map<String, String> getAddressList() {
		return addressList;
	
		// Properties 타입 매핑
	public void setAddressList(Properties addressList) {
		this.addressList = addressList;
	}

	public Properties getAddressList() {
		return addressList;
	}
}
package com.springbook.ioc.injection;
import java.util.Map;
import org.springframework.context.support.AbstractApplicationContext;
import org.springframework.context.support.GenericXmlApplicationContext;
public class CollectionBeanClient {

	public static void main(String[] args) {

		AbstractApplicationContext factory = new GenericXmlApplicationContext("collectionContext.xml");
		CollectionBean bean = (CollectionBean) factory.getBean("collectionBean");

		CollectionBean bean1 = new CollectionBean();
		List<String> addressList1 = new ArrayList<String>();
		addressList1.add("1");
		addressList1.add("2");
		addressList1.add("3");
		addressList1.add("4");
		addressList1.add("5");
		bean1.setAddressList(addressList1);
		for(String address : addressList1) {
			System.out.println("address: " +address);
		}
		// List 타입 매핑
		List<String> addressList = bean.getAddressList();
		for (String address : addressList) {
			System.out.println(address.toString());
		}
		// Set 타입 매핑 
		Set<String> addressList = bean.getAddressList();
		for (String address : addressList) {
			System.out.println(address.toString());
		}
		// Map 타입 매핑 *Map<Key, Value>
		Map<String, String> addressList = bean.getAddressList();
		for (Map.Entry<String, String> address : addressList.entrySet() ) {
		}
        System.out.println(String.format("Key : %s, Value : %s", address.getKey(), address.getValue()));
		 for(String s: addressList.keySet()){
         System.out.println(s);
         }
		for(String s: addressList.values()){
		 System.out.println(s);
        }
		
		// Properties 타입 매핑 *제네릭 타입 올 수 없다.
		
		  Properties addressList = bean.getAddressList(); for (Map.Entry address :
		  addressList.entrySet() ) {
		  System.out.println(String.format("Key : %s, Value : %s", address.getKey(),
		  address.getValue())); }
		 
		factory.close();
	}
}
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
	xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
	xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd">
	<bean id="collectionBean"
		class="com.springbook.ioc.injection.CollectionBean">
		<property name="addressList">

			<!-- List 타입 매핑 * -->
			<list>
				<value>서울시 강남구 역삼동</value>
				<value>서울시 성동구 행당동</value>
			</list>

			<!-- Set 타입 매핑 *중복허용?" -->
			<set value-type="java.lang.String">
				<value>서울시 강남구 역삼동</value>
				<value>서울시 성동구 행당동</value>
				<value>서울시 성동구 행당동</value>
			</set>

			<!-- Map 타입 매핑 -->
			<map>
				<entry>
					key element
					<key>
						<value>고길동</value>
					</key>
					<value>서울시 강남구 역삼동</value>
				</entry>
				<entry>
					<key>
						<value>마이콜</value>
					</key>
					<value>서울시 강서구 화곡동</value>
				</entry>
			</map>

			<!-- Properties 타입 매핑 -->
			<props>
				<prop key="고길동">서울시 강남구 역삼동</prop>
				<prop key="마이콜">서울시 강서구 화곡동</prop>
			</props>
		</property>
	</bean>
</beans>

p:변수명-ref="참조할 객체의 이름이나 아이디"

p:변수명="설정할 값"

List

list - value

Set

set - value

Map

map - entry - key{value}, value

Properties

props - prop[key]{}

 

 

 

 

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Spring tools suite
3.9.13 window

[질문]
#상속 
A클래스 B클래스 C인터페이스 D인터페이스
A extends B
A implements C
C extends D
*extends = 자식과 부모가 동급일 때

!중요[interface] 기본값 public
public private default protected
모든 메소드는 추상 메소드여야 한다.
abstract 재정의 필요
생성자를 가질 수 없다
몸체가 있으면 안된다.
#상수는 가질 수 있다.



interface A {
void handUp(); 몸체가 가질 수 없다.
void handDown();
A a new B();
a.handUp(); 자식꺼! Overriding된다.
((B) a).eyeOn(); B는 자료형 케스트연산자
상속 받은 자식의 클래스를 받을 수 있다

}
똑같은 인터페이스를 받았다고 해도 명시가 안되어 있으면 알리 어렵다.
class B implements A {
public void handUp(){ sysout~("A")}; 기본값 public 보다 높은 것만
public void handDown(){ sysout~("B")};



(1) Servers setting 
Window - preferences - servers - runtime Enviroment - add -tomcat 폴더 선택
(2) 환경설정
-웹브라우저- Chrome
-workspace - other - UTF-8
-Web CSS, HTML, JSP -> UTF-8

형상관리 = 라이브러리 버전 관리
412434143214123414

appliation - tomcat
아파치 = 서버
아파치 톰켓
sts-bundle #spring-tool-suite

Spring Framework는 IOC기반
IOC는 Inversion of Control의 약자로 말 그대로 제어의 역전
객체 결정 및 생성 -> 의존성 객체 생성 -> 객채 내의 메소드 호출
즉, 모든 작업을 사용자가 제어하는 구조인 것입니다.
즉, 제어의 흐름을 사용자가 컨트롤 하지 않고 위임한 특별한 객체에 모든 것을 맡기는 것입니다.
IOC란 기존 사용자가 모든 작업을 제어하던 것을 특별한 객체에 모든 것을 위임하여 객체의 생성부터 생명주기 등 모든 객체에 대한 제어권이 넘어 간 것을 IOC, 제어의 역전 이라고 합니다.


IOC는 DI와 DL의 의해 구현됩니다.
DL(Dependency Lookup) - 의존성 검색

DI(Dependency Injection) - 의존성 주입 
각 클래스 사이에 필요로 하는 의존관계를 빈 설정 정보를 바탕으로 컨테이너가 자동으로 연결


Spring Framework의 특징 POJO
POJO(Plain Old Java Object)



 POJO는 gettet/setter를 가진 단순 자바 오브젝트로 정의
"POJO를 사용함으로써, 당신의 코드는 더욱 심플해졌고, 그로인해 테스트 하기에 더 좋으며, 유연하고, 요구사항에 따라 기술적 선택을 바꿀수 있도록 바뀌었다."
 - javax.servlet, javax.servlet.http 패키지를 import해야 한다.
 - public 클래스로 선언되어야 한다.
 - Servlet, GenericServlet, HttpServlet 중 하나를 상속해야 한다.
 - 기본 생성자(Default Constructor)가 있어야 한다.
 - 생명주기가 해당하는 메소드를 재정의(Overriding) 한다



Spring Framework의 특징 AOP
AOP(Aspect Oriented Programming)란 말 그대로 관점 지향 프로그래밍

대부분 소프트웨어 개발 프로세스에서 사용하는 방법은 OOP(Object Oriented Programming) 
무분별하게 중복되는 코드를 한 곳에 모아 중복 되는 코드를 제거 할 수 있어지고 공통기능을 한 곳에 보관함으로써 공통 기능 하나의 수정으로 모든 핵심기능들의 공통기능을 수정 할 수 있어 효율적인 유지보수가 가능하며 재활용성이 극대화



Spring Framework의 특징 MVC (Model2)
Model
Model에서는 데이터처리를 담당하는 부분입니다. Model부분은 Serivce영역과 DAO영역으로 나누어지게 되고 여기서 중요한 것은 Service 부분은 불필요하게 HTTP통신을 하지 않아야하고 request나 response와 같은 객체를 매개변수로 받아선 안된다. 또한 Model 부분의 Service는 view에 종속적인 코드가 없어야 하고 View 부분이 변경되더라도 Service 부분은 그대로 재사용 할 수 있어야 한다.
Model에서는 View와 Controller 어떠한 정보도 가지고 있어서는 안된다.
 
View
View는 사용자 Interface를 담당하며 사용자에게 보여지는 부분입니다. View는 Controller를 통해 모델에 데이터에 대한 시각화를 담당하며 View는 자신이 요청을 보낼 Controller의 정보만 알고 있어야 하는 것이 핵심이다.
Model이 가지고 있는 정보를 저장해서는 안되며 Model, Controller에 구성 요소를 알아서는 안된다.

Controller
Controller에서는 View에 받은 요청을 가공하여 Model(Service 영역)에 이를 전달한다. 또한 Model로 부터 받은 결과를 View로 넘겨주는 역할을 합니다. Controller에서는 모든 요청 에러와 모델 에러를 처리하며 View와 Controller에 정보를 알고 있어야한다.
Model과 View의 정보에 대해 알고 있어야한다.


이렇게 Model, View, Controller를 나누는 이유는 소스를 분리함으로서 각 소스의 목적이 명확해 지고 유지보수하는데 있어서 용이하기 때문이다. Model의 Service영역은 자신을 어떠한 Controller가 호출하든 상관없이 정해진 매개변수만 받는다면 자신의 비즈니스 로직을 처리할 수 있어야한다. 
즉, 모듈화를 통해 어디서든 재사용이 가능하여야 한다는 뜻이다. 
이말은 View의 정보가 달라지더라도 Controller에서 Service에 넘겨줄 매개변수 데이터 가공만 처리하면 되기 때문에 유지보수 비용을 절감 할 수 있는 효과가 있다. 또한 Service영역의 재사용이 용이하기 때문에 확장성 부분에서도 큰 효과를 볼 수 있는 장점이있다.



Spring Core
Spring Core는 Spring Container을 의미합니다. core라는 말 그대로 Container는 Spring Framework의 핵심이며 그중 핵심은 Bean Factory Container입니다.  그 이유는 바로 Bean Factory는 IOC패턴을 적용하여 객체 구성 부터 의존성 처리까지 모든 일을 처리하는 역할을 하고 있기 때문입니다.

 

Spring Context
Spring context는 Spring Framework의 context 정보들을 제공하는 설정 파일입니다. Spring Context에는 JNDI, EJB, Validation, Scheduiling, Internaliztaion 등 엔터프라이즈 서비스들을 포함하고 있습니다.

 

Spring AOP
Spring AOP module은 Spring Framework에서 관점지향 프로그래밍을 할 수 있고 AOP를 적용 할수 있게 도와주는 Module입니다. 해당 AOP에 대한 내용은 위에서 설명 했기 때문에 넘어 가도록 하겠습니다.

 

Spring DAO
DAO란 Data Access Object의 약자로 Database Data에 접근하는 객체입니다. Spring JDBC DAO는 추상 레이어를 지원함으로써 코딩이나 예외처리 하는 부분을 간편화 시켜 일관된 방법으로 코드를 짤 수 있게 도와줍니다.

 

Spring ORM
ORM이란 Object relational mapping의 약자로 간단하게 객체와의 관계 설정을 하는 것입니다. Spring에서는 Ibatis, Hibernate, JDO 등 인기있는 객체 관계형 도구(OR도구)를 사용 할 수 있도록 지원합니다.


Spring Web
Spirng에서 Web context module은 Application module에 내장되어 있고 Web기반의 응용프로그램에 대한 Context를 제공하여 일반적인 Web Application 개발에 필요한 기본적인 기능을 지원합니다. 그로인해 Jakarta Structs 와의 통합을 지원하고 있습니다.

 

Spring MVC
Spring에서는 MVC에서는 Model2 구조로 Apllication을 만들 수 있도록 지원합니다. MVC (Model-View-Controller) 프레임 워크는 웹 응용 프로그램을 작성하기 위한 완전한 기능을 갖춘 MVC를 구현합니다. MVC 프레임 워크는 전략 인터페이스를 통해 고급 구성 가능하며 JSP, Velocity, Tiles, iText 및 POI를 포함한 수많은 뷰 기술을 지원하고 있습니다.
---------------------------------------------------------
  <servlet>
    <description></description>
    <display-name>HelloServlet</display-name>
    <servlet-name>HelloServlet</servlet-name>
    <servlet-class>com.springbook.biz.HelloServlet</servlet-class>
  </servlet>
  <servlet-mapping>
    <servlet-name>HelloServlet</servlet-name>
    <url-pattern>/hello.do</url-pattern>
  </servlet-mapping>

----------------------------------------------
HelloServlet.java
response.setContentType("text/html; charset=utf-8");

PrintWriter out = response.getWriter();
out.println("<html>");
out.println("<head><title>현재시간</title></head>");
out.println("<body>");
out.println("현재 시간은");
out.println(new Date());
out.println("입니다.");
out.println("</body></html>");

}


----------------------------------------------
src/main/resources
<bean id="tv" class="polymorphism.SamsungTV" />


----------------------------------------------
TVUser
// servlet 파일이기 때문에
// servlet은 만들어만 놓고 controller가 구현시킨다.
AbstractApplicationContext factory = new GenericXmlApplicationContext("applicatoinContext.xml");
// BeanFactory factory = new BeanFactory();
TV tv= (TV)factory.getBean(args[0]);
tv.powerOn();
tv.volumeUp();
tv.volumeDown();
tv.powerOff();

factory.close();
----------------------------------------------

1. TVUser 클라이언트가 스프링 설정 파일을 로딩하여 컨테이너 구동
2. 스프링 설정 파일에 <bean> 등록된 SamsungTV 객체 생성
3. getBean() 메소드로 이름이 'tv'인 객체를 요청(Lookup)
4. SamsungTV 객체 변환

GenericXmlApplicationContext : 파일 시스템이나 클래스 경로에 있는 XML 설정 파일을 로딩하여 구동하는 컨테이너
XmlWebApplicationContext : 웹 기반의 스프링 애플리케이션을 개발할 때 사용하는 컨테이너
====================================
-------------
public class SamsungTV implements TV {
tv.powerOn();
tv.volumeUp();
tv.volumeDown();
tv.powerOff();
}
-------------
<bean id="tv" class="polymorphism.SamsungTV" />
-------------
AbstractApplicationContext factory = new GenericXmlApplicationContext("applicatoinContext.xml");
TV tv= (TV)factory.getBean(args[0]);
...
factory.close();
-------------
====================================
jsp 
servlet
container
 



Spring
servlet
spring container - xml
container에 담아 놓고 spring이 실행 되자 마자 :?파일을 찾는다 

<bean>
생명주기 관리 + 여러가지 서비스 제공
!스프링 프로젝트 전체에서 가장 중요한 역할

default 생성자만 인식
default 생성자라도 써줘야한다.
맴버변수 초기화 

====================================
-------------
<bean id="tv" class="polymorphism.SamsungTV" init-method="initMethod" destroy-method="destoryMethod"/> 
-------------
public class SamsungTV implements TV {
public void initMethod() {
System.out.println("객체 초기화 작업 처리...");
}
public void destoryMethod() {
System.out.println("객체 삭제 전에 처리할 로직 처리...");
}
-------------
scope="prototype" // singleton
TV tv1 = (TV) factory.getBean("tv");
TV tv2 = (TV) factory.getBean("tv");
TV tv3 = (TV) factory.getBean("tv");
====================================
생성자는 private 처리하고 
객체 하나만 생성해서 요청하는 곳에 빌려준다.
bean으로 객체를 생성하면 객체 하나만 생성
scope의 prototype으로 하면 요청할 때마다 새로운 객체를 반환

id 객체명 class 클래스명.클래스명
프리로딩 방식
즉시로딩 방식

sevlet에서 받아온 객체 읽어오는것
담아 놓는다
필요한 객체
getBean
id 생략 가능한데 객체명을 bean 클래스의 경로의 class명을 


INFO : org.springframework.beans.factory.xml.XmlBeanDefinitionReader - Loading XML bean definitions from class path resource [applicationContext.xml]
INFO : org.springframework.context.support.GenericXmlApplicationContext - Refreshing org.springframework.context.support.GenericXmlApplicationContext@7dc5e7b4: startup date [Tue Oct 19 18:27:54 KST 2021]; root of context hierarchy
==============>SamsungTV객체 생성
==============>LgTV객체 생성
LgTV객체의 init메소드 호출
INFO : org.springframework.context.support.GenericXmlApplicationContext - Closing org.springframework.context.support.GenericXmlApplicationContext@7dc5e7b4: startup date [Tue Oct 19 18:27:54 KST 2021]; root of context hierarchy
LgTV객체의 destroy메소드 호출

 

프리로딩

메모리 차지

속도 양호

lazy 로딩

 

people

eyesOn

eyesOff

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为什么朝鲜分裂是冷战安排 而台湾是冷战的结果?《枫林夜话》第395期 2021.10.15

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SFnddpacfxA

왜 조선 분열이 냉전의설계였고, 대만은 냉전의 결과인가? [평린예화]

Eric Chen
​不用现在两边都要到处巴结盟友,换承认了。

Savoir Joueur
​目前主导两岸关系的核心法理叫做“ 领土时效原则 ”:principle of prescription in territory ( 1949~2049,两岸分隔已近一世纪 ),蔡的双十谈话正是在向全世界阐明此一法理,即你PRC长达相当一段时间一直迟迟无法在台湾实施管辖权即永久丧失权利,亦即目前两岸属于两个中国状态!两岸关系目前是类似如南北韩、东西德一样的两个主权国家,这一点是毋庸质疑的!

Eric Chen
​目前 属于分裂状态, 不等于永远分裂。

Eric Chen
​分裂是暂时的。

Eric Chen
​统一是长远的。

Eric Chen
​分久, 必合。

Savoir Joueur
​不少人忽略了「时间」也是法律关系变动的重要因素,迥异于法理台独,“ 时效消灭 ”规则无论是在大陆法系或英美国家的海洋法系都是公认并存在已久的重要法理,蔡的双十谈话正是在向全世界阐明此一法理,并基于此法理对中华民国宪法第4条所谓固有疆域做出了正式官方解释,亦即,1949年以前的中华民国(被继承国)这个法人主体已于1949年灭亡,其继承国有二,分别係中华民国台湾和中华人民共和国这两个新的国际法人主体!

zm jin
​法是实力派的借口

OCEAN STORM
​人民不同意統一的統一,就是空白虛無的口號。

zm jin
​2050年打台湾,大陆犯什么法?

OCEAN STORM
​中国共軍的實力並不強

Eric Chen
​美国打伊拉克, 犯的什么法?

Eric Chen
​美国 打阿富汗, 美国打利比亚, 美国打巴拿马, 美国 犯的什么法?

Eric Chen
​俄罗斯 打克里米亚, 俄罗斯犯的什么法?

Eric Chen
​俄罗斯打入格鲁吉亚, 犯的什么法?

m85 ruan
​OCEAN STORM 49年共产党过长江的时候,不会问长江以南的人民同意不同意的,更包括蒋介石与斯大林。

OCEAN STORM
​中国共軍並不是一個人在指揮打仗,軍閥很多人的,個個都是億萬富豪!怎麼打仗?

Savoir Joueur
​以下都是来自公开资料:习近平的姊姊齐桥桥加拿大籍,姐夫邓家贵拥有三家离岸公司,外甥女张燕南在香港拥有7间豪宅,总值3.5亿多港元国家副主席中央政治局常委王岐山 在美国旧金山湾区拥有豪宅,不过这幢豪宅并不是登记在王岐山的美籍妻子姚明珊名下,而是登记在姚明珊的妹妹,也就是王岐山的小姨子姚明端和连襟孙凤山名下。

Savoir Joueur
​中国人民政治协商会议全国委员会主席 汪洋 女儿:汪溪沙 投行德意志银行香港分行高级经理 女婿:张辛亮毕业后先后供职于瑞银香港、高盛 2011年至2012年为索罗斯基金管理香港办事处代表

歪脖子树
​解放台湾是政绩,去美国是生活

Eric Chen
​八旗子弟,提笼溜鸟。

Eric Chen
​去美国, 是把中国的资源,就业机会,留给其它的人。 自己到美国去与美国人竞争资源 。

Savoir Joueur
​中央政治局常委 栗战书女儿 栗潜心2013年,栗潜心通过在英属维尔京群岛成立的世喜控股有限公司(Century Joy Holdings Ltd.),以1500万美元的价格买下了赤柱滩一间海滨别墅以逃税。2019年10月,《纽约时报》联系栗潜心查询,世喜控股在数小时后解散

zm jin
​大清也有贡献

Savoir Joueur
​中华人民共和国司法部部长傅政华儿子 傅永斌 加拿大籍 现住温哥华公安部副部长孙力军 妻儿皆为澳大利亚籍 名下拥有澳洲多处豪宅、地产

Savoir Joueur
​有人听过日本二战期间的裕仁天皇及其内阁大臣在发动太平洋战争前将其皇族亲族安置于其敌国米国或大量置产的吗?现时中共中央领导班子含文武百官基本系裸官集团,子女多任事于华尔街摩根、高盛、瑞士信贷等各大英美投行高管,你叫这一帮假货去打仗,除了能虚晃几招外,这仗要从何打起呢?

Eric Chen
​大清国, 贡献大着呢。

zm jin
​晚清太拉胯了,满汉相争,汉汉内斗,越来越穷

Eric Chen
​晚清, 不行了。

Eric Chen
​早清, 还是可以的。

OCEAN STORM
​祝福所有中國人民能夠吃得飽,穿得暖,有房住,能上學,有工作,這才是中國人民之福,至於侵略打仗?還真不是中國人民要幹的事情。

Eric Chen
​中国人民还是爱好和平的。

Eric Chen
​不轻易用兵。

Savoir Joueur
​有人见过一方开战前千方百计想方设法与敌方政要结成儿女亲家的吗?1995年7月中国大陆为表示抗议李登辉访问美国,开始对台第一次飞弹发射及军事演习,谁知恰恰在两岸所谓「兵凶战危」的当年,却正是两岸国共关系打得火热的时候,大陆上海帮江泽民、朱镕基盗国集团党羽前上海市委书记黄菊的女儿黄凡,于留学美国旧金山期间刻意攀亲结贵,1995年2月间与台湾旅美国民党华人侨领兼媒体大亨方李邦琴女士的公子方以伟成亲。

Eric Chen
​几十年没打过仗 。

子曰:
​老蒋要在就是美国傀儡

美国漫生活
​老蒋和老毛都是独裁者

Savoir Joueur
​朝鲜战争打的再英勇,再伟大,有一点是绝对无法否认的:中国从来没有跟美国正式宣战,并且中国自1895年甲午海战后至今从未与西方工业国家打过一场像样的海战!

Eric Chen
​台湾海峡最窄处100多公里, 不到150公里。

Eric Chen
​将来一定会修桥 。

Savoir Joueur
​朝鲜战争打的再英勇,再伟大,有一点是绝对无法否认的:中国从来没有跟美国正式宣战过,并且中国自1895年甲午海战后至今从未与西方工业国家打过一场像样的海战!

Eric Chen
​活捉蔡 英文 、

m85 ruan
​Savoir Joueur 学点历史知识吧,朝鲜战争中国面对的是联合国军好吗?怎么去会去单独对美国宣战?

Eric Chen
​根據目前規劃,路線全長約125公里至150公里之間,並可能配合人工島、跨海大橋

caowangjiandenver Wang
​中国不堪一击……根本没有打过朝鲜战争……中国一直跪着,和这里的软骨头一样…

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